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on the surface of an average planet

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on the surface of an average planet
 

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on the surface of an average planet
circling an ordinary yellow star an

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circling an ordinary yellow star an
 

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circling an ordinary yellow star an
advanced intelligence searches the skies

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advanced intelligence searches the skies
 

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advanced intelligence searches the skies
for evidence of life directed by even

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for evidence of life directed by even
 

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for evidence of life directed by even
higher intelligence machines with brains

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higher intelligence machines with brains
 

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higher intelligence machines with brains
of silicon patiently sift through faith

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of silicon patiently sift through faith
 

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of silicon patiently sift through faith
shards of radio data for the

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shards of radio data for the
 

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shards of radio data for the
unmistakable signal that will indicate

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unmistakable signal that will indicate
 

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unmistakable signal that will indicate
the first sign of life beyond Earth in

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the first sign of life beyond Earth in
 

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the first sign of life beyond Earth in
1959 physicist Philip Morrison was

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1959 physicist Philip Morrison was
 

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1959 physicist Philip Morrison was
co-author of the first scientific paper

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co-author of the first scientific paper
 

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co-author of the first scientific paper
to suggest a strategy for such a search

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to suggest a strategy for such a search
 

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to suggest a strategy for such a search
no is an answer to a very simple

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no is an answer to a very simple
 

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no is an answer to a very simple
question are we alone as conscious

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question are we alone as conscious
 

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question are we alone as conscious
beings in this entire buzzing four

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beings in this entire buzzing four
 

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beings in this entire buzzing four
hundred billion star galaxy one of ten

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hundred billion star galaxy one of ten
 

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hundred billion star galaxy one of ten
to the tenth other galaxies it seems

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to the tenth other galaxies it seems
 

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to the tenth other galaxies it seems
pretty implausible it's an enormous task

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pretty implausible it's an enormous task
 

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pretty implausible it's an enormous task
to search the skies for intelligent life

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to search the skies for intelligent life
 

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to search the skies for intelligent life
looking for a golden needle in a huge

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looking for a golden needle in a huge
 

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looking for a golden needle in a huge
cosmic haystack but steady the search

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cosmic haystack but steady the search
 

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cosmic haystack but steady the search
for extraterrestrial intelligence has

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for extraterrestrial intelligence has
 

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for extraterrestrial intelligence has
come a long way since early experiments

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come a long way since early experiments
 

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come a long way since early experiments
by young radio astronomer Frank Drake in

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by young radio astronomer Frank Drake in
 

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by young radio astronomer Frank Drake in
1960 Drake made the first radio search

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1960 Drake made the first radio search
 

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1960 Drake made the first radio search
from Green Bank West Virginia he called

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from Green Bank West Virginia he called
 

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from Green Bank West Virginia he called
it Ozma after a princess from the

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it Ozma after a princess from the
 

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it Ozma after a princess from the
fictional Land of Oz now plans for the

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fictional Land of Oz now plans for the
 

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fictional Land of Oz now plans for the
most sophisticated SETI search ever

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most sophisticated SETI search ever
 

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most sophisticated SETI search ever
focus on the goldstone deep space

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focus on the goldstone deep space
 

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focus on the goldstone deep space
communication complex in California's

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communication complex in California's
 

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communication complex in California's
Mojave Desert it is the site of tests

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Mojave Desert it is the site of tests
 

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Mojave Desert it is the site of tests
for a possible future NASA project one

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for a possible future NASA project one
 

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for a possible future NASA project one
not yet funded the full-scale NASA

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not yet funded the full-scale NASA
 

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not yet funded the full-scale NASA
system when operational in the next

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system when operational in the next
 

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system when operational in the next
decade would be billions of times more

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decade would be billions of times more
 

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decade would be billions of times more
powerful than the sum of all previous

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powerful than the sum of all previous
 

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powerful than the sum of all previous
searches

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searches
 

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searches
for carl sagan a proponent of Seti for

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for carl sagan a proponent of Seti for
 

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for carl sagan a proponent of Seti for
many years this technical progress has

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many years this technical progress has
 

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many years this technical progress has
made the present unique for the first

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made the present unique for the first
 

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made the present unique for the first
time we're mustering substantial

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time we're mustering substantial
 

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time we're mustering substantial
sophisticated serious scientific

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sophisticated serious scientific
 

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sophisticated serious scientific
searches for for extraterrestrial

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searches for for extraterrestrial
 

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searches for for extraterrestrial
intelligence has never been a time like

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intelligence has never been a time like
 

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intelligence has never been a time like
that perform so there is some chance

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that perform so there is some chance
 

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that perform so there is some chance
that in the next few decades we will get

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that in the next few decades we will get
 

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that in the next few decades we will get
a signal from some spectacularly distant

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a signal from some spectacularly distant
 

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a signal from some spectacularly distant
spectacularly exotic civilization and

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spectacularly exotic civilization and
 

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spectacularly exotic civilization and
everything on earth will as a

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everything on earth will as a
 

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everything on earth will as a
consequence change that is possible

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how why when and whether to search for

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how why when and whether to search for
 

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how why when and whether to search for
life beyond Earth has been debated for

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life beyond Earth has been debated for
 

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life beyond Earth has been debated for
centuries deciding what sort of signal

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centuries deciding what sort of signal
 

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centuries deciding what sort of signal
to look for in the skies is no easy task

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to look for in the skies is no easy task
 

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to look for in the skies is no easy task
NASA's proposed search focuses on radio

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NASA's proposed search focuses on radio
 

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NASA's proposed search focuses on radio
a portion of the electromagnetic

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a portion of the electromagnetic
 

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a portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum where nature produces the least

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spectrum where nature produces the least
 

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spectrum where nature produces the least
interference for any intelligent signal

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interference for any intelligent signal
 

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interference for any intelligent signal
the plan is to use existing radio

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the plan is to use existing radio
 

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the plan is to use existing radio
antennas and combine them with advanced

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antennas and combine them with advanced
 

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antennas and combine them with advanced
computer hardware and software

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computer hardware and software
 

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computer hardware and software
specifically designed for the task

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specifically designed for the task
 

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specifically designed for the task
signal processing equipment suitable for

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signal processing equipment suitable for
 

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signal processing equipment suitable for
SETI is constantly becoming more

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SETI is constantly becoming more
 

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SETI is constantly becoming more
powerful and more efficient but also

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powerful and more efficient but also
 

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powerful and more efficient but also
cheaper and smaller than ever before in

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cheaper and smaller than ever before in
 

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cheaper and smaller than ever before in
the mid 1990s NASA hopes to deploy it

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the mid 1990s NASA hopes to deploy it
 

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the mid 1990s NASA hopes to deploy it
systems in a relatively low cost ten

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systems in a relatively low cost ten
 

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systems in a relatively low cost ten
years search that will for the first

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years search that will for the first
 

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00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:18,979
years search that will for the first
time systematically explore all the

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time systematically explore all the
 

143
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time systematically explore all the
radio frequencies and directions on the

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radio frequencies and directions on the
 

145
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radio frequencies and directions on the
sky that researchers think might reveal

146
00:04:23,210 --> 00:04:23,220
sky that researchers think might reveal
 

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sky that researchers think might reveal
a signal my name is Jill tarter I'm an

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a signal my name is Jill tarter I'm an
 

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a signal my name is Jill tarter I'm an
astronomer from the University of

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astronomer from the University of
 

151
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astronomer from the University of
California at Berkeley and I work with

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California at Berkeley and I work with
 

153
00:04:34,380 --> 00:04:35,960
California at Berkeley and I work with
colleagues from NASA's Ames Research

154
00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:35,970
colleagues from NASA's Ames Research
 

155
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colleagues from NASA's Ames Research
Center the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and

156
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Center the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and
 

157
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Center the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and
the SETI Institute to help design the

158
00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:40,800
the SETI Institute to help design the
 

159
00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:43,010
the SETI Institute to help design the
special purpose tools needed to do SETI

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special purpose tools needed to do SETI
 

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special purpose tools needed to do SETI
properly over the years I've worked at

162
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properly over the years I've worked at
 

163
00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:49,550
properly over the years I've worked at
many radio telescopes like this one at

164
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many radio telescopes like this one at
 

165
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many radio telescopes like this one at
knole say in france trying to adapt

166
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knole say in france trying to adapt
 

167
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knole say in france trying to adapt
existing equipment to this difficult

168
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existing equipment to this difficult
 

169
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existing equipment to this difficult
task these efforts I hope will soon be

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task these efforts I hope will soon be
 

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task these efforts I hope will soon be
eclipsed by the planned NASA system some

172
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eclipsed by the planned NASA system some
 

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eclipsed by the planned NASA system some
parts of which may eventually be placed

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parts of which may eventually be placed
 

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parts of which may eventually be placed
here at Nelson

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177
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contemporary city is a science a

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contemporary city is a science a
 

179
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contemporary city is a science a
discipline which transforms humanity's

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discipline which transforms humanity's
 

181
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discipline which transforms humanity's
age-old speculations about life and

182
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age-old speculations about life and
 

183
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age-old speculations about life and
universe into experimental reality

184
00:05:15,610 --> 00:05:15,620
universe into experimental reality
 

185
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universe into experimental reality
steady pioneer Frank Drake came up with

186
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steady pioneer Frank Drake came up with
 

187
00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:19,760
steady pioneer Frank Drake came up with
a way to organize our developing

188
00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:19,770
a way to organize our developing
 

189
00:05:19,770 --> 00:05:22,400
a way to organize our developing
knowledge and current ignorance SETI

190
00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:22,410
knowledge and current ignorance SETI
 

191
00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:24,200
knowledge and current ignorance SETI
scientists often use what's called the

192
00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:24,210
scientists often use what's called the
 

193
00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:26,270
scientists often use what's called the
Drake Equation to illuminate the

194
00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:26,280
Drake Equation to illuminate the
 

195
00:05:26,280 --> 00:05:28,820
Drake Equation to illuminate the
necessary conditions for contact and to

196
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necessary conditions for contact and to
 

197
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necessary conditions for contact and to
provide a rough estimate of the number

198
00:05:30,470 --> 00:05:30,480
provide a rough estimate of the number
 

199
00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:34,160
provide a rough estimate of the number
of other civilizations the existence of

200
00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:34,170
of other civilizations the existence of
 

201
00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:37,070
of other civilizations the existence of
other technical civilizations depends

202
00:05:37,070 --> 00:05:37,080
other technical civilizations depends
 

203
00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:43,180
other technical civilizations depends
upon astronomy how planets form

204
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205
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comparative planetology biochemistry the

206
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comparative planetology biochemistry the
 

207
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comparative planetology biochemistry the
role of intelligence in evolution

208
00:05:53,350 --> 00:05:53,360
role of intelligence in evolution
 

209
00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,870
role of intelligence in evolution
technology and the fate of technical

210
00:05:56,870 --> 00:05:56,880
technology and the fate of technical
 

211
00:05:56,880 --> 00:05:59,900
technology and the fate of technical
civilizations so SETI becomes a way to

212
00:05:59,900 --> 00:05:59,910
civilizations so SETI becomes a way to
 

213
00:05:59,910 --> 00:06:01,700
civilizations so SETI becomes a way to
test our theories of the origin and

214
00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:01,710
test our theories of the origin and
 

215
00:06:01,710 --> 00:06:03,650
test our theories of the origin and
evolution of the universe and the place

216
00:06:03,650 --> 00:06:03,660
evolution of the universe and the place
 

217
00:06:03,660 --> 00:06:07,250
evolution of the universe and the place
of life within it some factors in the

218
00:06:07,250 --> 00:06:07,260
of life within it some factors in the
 

219
00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:08,840
of life within it some factors in the
Drake Equation are well determined

220
00:06:08,840 --> 00:06:08,850
Drake Equation are well determined
 

221
00:06:08,850 --> 00:06:12,230
Drake Equation are well determined
others are not we're pretty sure our

222
00:06:12,230 --> 00:06:12,240
others are not we're pretty sure our
 

223
00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:14,750
others are not we're pretty sure our
galaxy has about 400 billion stars and

224
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galaxy has about 400 billion stars and
 

225
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galaxy has about 400 billion stars and
maybe ten percent of them will shine

226
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maybe ten percent of them will shine
 

227
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maybe ten percent of them will shine
long enough for life to evolve and we

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long enough for life to evolve and we
 

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long enough for life to evolve and we
understand something of a life cycle of

230
00:06:21,110 --> 00:06:21,120
understand something of a life cycle of
 

231
00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:24,530
understand something of a life cycle of
those stars we know that it required

232
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those stars we know that it required
 

233
00:06:24,540 --> 00:06:27,260
those stars we know that it required
colossal supernova explosions to

234
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colossal supernova explosions to
 

235
00:06:27,270 --> 00:06:28,970
colossal supernova explosions to
transform the simple elements produced

236
00:06:28,970 --> 00:06:28,980
transform the simple elements produced
 

237
00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:31,460
transform the simple elements produced
in the Big Bang into the heavy elements

238
00:06:31,460 --> 00:06:31,470
in the Big Bang into the heavy elements
 

239
00:06:31,470 --> 00:06:35,830
in the Big Bang into the heavy elements
that form rocky planets and we ourselves

240
00:06:35,830 --> 00:06:35,840
that form rocky planets and we ourselves
 

241
00:06:35,840 --> 00:06:38,530
that form rocky planets and we ourselves
and we have taken the first steps in

242
00:06:38,530 --> 00:06:38,540
and we have taken the first steps in
 

243
00:06:38,540 --> 00:06:40,570
and we have taken the first steps in
understanding the chemical origin of

244
00:06:40,570 --> 00:06:40,580
understanding the chemical origin of
 

245
00:06:40,580 --> 00:06:43,659
understanding the chemical origin of
life and the principles of evolution but

246
00:06:43,659 --> 00:06:43,669
life and the principles of evolution but
 

247
00:06:43,669 --> 00:06:45,879
life and the principles of evolution but
as yet we found no definitive proof of

248
00:06:45,879 --> 00:06:45,889
as yet we found no definitive proof of
 

249
00:06:45,889 --> 00:06:48,219
as yet we found no definitive proof of
solar systems beyond our own though

250
00:06:48,219 --> 00:06:48,229
solar systems beyond our own though
 

251
00:06:48,229 --> 00:06:50,200
solar systems beyond our own though
recent observations of the disk of

252
00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:50,210
recent observations of the disk of
 

253
00:06:50,210 --> 00:06:51,939
recent observations of the disk of
matter around the nearby star beta

254
00:06:51,939 --> 00:06:51,949
matter around the nearby star beta
 

255
00:06:51,949 --> 00:06:54,250
matter around the nearby star beta
Pictoris suggests the planets they

256
00:06:54,250 --> 00:06:54,260
Pictoris suggests the planets they
 

257
00:06:54,260 --> 00:06:57,310
Pictoris suggests the planets they
become in our own solar system we have

258
00:06:57,310 --> 00:06:57,320
become in our own solar system we have
 

259
00:06:57,320 --> 00:06:59,770
become in our own solar system we have
found no signs of advanced life though

260
00:06:59,770 --> 00:06:59,780
found no signs of advanced life though
 

261
00:06:59,780 --> 00:07:02,290
found no signs of advanced life though
planets like Mars from the large moons

262
00:07:02,290 --> 00:07:02,300
planets like Mars from the large moons
 

263
00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:04,870
planets like Mars from the large moons
like Europa and Titan may have provided

264
00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:04,880
like Europa and Titan may have provided
 

265
00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:06,730
like Europa and Titan may have provided
suitable environments for life in the

266
00:07:06,730 --> 00:07:06,740
suitable environments for life in the
 

267
00:07:06,740 --> 00:07:09,430
suitable environments for life in the
past or may do in the future and seem

268
00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:09,440
past or may do in the future and seem
 

269
00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:14,140
past or may do in the future and seem
worth further exploratory missions so

270
00:07:14,140 --> 00:07:14,150
worth further exploratory missions so
 

271
00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:16,120
worth further exploratory missions so
far we have detected no signals from

272
00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:16,130
far we have detected no signals from
 

273
00:07:16,130 --> 00:07:18,150
far we have detected no signals from
other civilizations around other stars

274
00:07:18,150 --> 00:07:18,160
other civilizations around other stars
 

275
00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:20,800
other civilizations around other stars
using technologies which could make them

276
00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:20,810
using technologies which could make them
 

277
00:07:20,810 --> 00:07:23,560
using technologies which could make them
visible across the light-years and we

278
00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:23,570
visible across the light-years and we
 

279
00:07:23,570 --> 00:07:25,719
visible across the light-years and we
cannot predict whether civilizations

280
00:07:25,719 --> 00:07:25,729
cannot predict whether civilizations
 

281
00:07:25,729 --> 00:07:27,909
cannot predict whether civilizations
with advanced technology will perish

282
00:07:27,909 --> 00:07:27,919
with advanced technology will perish
 

283
00:07:27,919 --> 00:07:30,310
with advanced technology will perish
quickly or learn to use it to explore

284
00:07:30,310 --> 00:07:30,320
quickly or learn to use it to explore
 

285
00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:32,500
quickly or learn to use it to explore
the universe and thrive for the lifetime

286
00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:32,510
the universe and thrive for the lifetime
 

287
00:07:32,510 --> 00:07:35,500
the universe and thrive for the lifetime
of their star some people look at the

288
00:07:35,500 --> 00:07:35,510
of their star some people look at the
 

289
00:07:35,510 --> 00:07:37,659
of their star some people look at the
seven conditions Drake proposed and see

290
00:07:37,659 --> 00:07:37,669
seven conditions Drake proposed and see
 

291
00:07:37,669 --> 00:07:39,900
seven conditions Drake proposed and see
a weak chain that could easily be broken

292
00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:39,910
a weak chain that could easily be broken
 

293
00:07:39,910 --> 00:07:42,550
a weak chain that could easily be broken
Drake himself thinks there could be many

294
00:07:42,550 --> 00:07:42,560
Drake himself thinks there could be many
 

295
00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:45,250
Drake himself thinks there could be many
thousands of civilizations with whom we

296
00:07:45,250 --> 00:07:45,260
thousands of civilizations with whom we
 

297
00:07:45,260 --> 00:07:47,409
thousands of civilizations with whom we
could communicate in the Milky Way alone

298
00:07:47,409 --> 00:07:47,419
could communicate in the Milky Way alone
 

299
00:07:47,419 --> 00:07:49,900
could communicate in the Milky Way alone
we take the solar system which we know

300
00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:49,910
we take the solar system which we know
 

301
00:07:49,910 --> 00:07:51,690
we take the solar system which we know
has happened and the life on Earth is

302
00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:51,700
has happened and the life on Earth is
 

303
00:07:51,700 --> 00:07:54,640
has happened and the life on Earth is
typical and as far as we know it is

304
00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:54,650
typical and as far as we know it is
 

305
00:07:54,650 --> 00:07:56,800
typical and as far as we know it is
typical we know of nothing no freakish

306
00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:56,810
typical we know of nothing no freakish
 

307
00:07:56,810 --> 00:07:59,800
typical we know of nothing no freakish
event that was required for us with our

308
00:07:59,800 --> 00:07:59,810
event that was required for us with our
 

309
00:07:59,810 --> 00:08:01,750
event that was required for us with our
motorcycles and our video tape recorders

310
00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:01,760
motorcycles and our video tape recorders
 

311
00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:04,870
motorcycles and our video tape recorders
to exist SETI researchers such as

312
00:08:04,870 --> 00:08:04,880
to exist SETI researchers such as
 

313
00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,089
to exist SETI researchers such as
Harvard's Paul Horowitz doubt that the

314
00:08:07,089 --> 00:08:07,099
Harvard's Paul Horowitz doubt that the
 

315
00:08:07,099 --> 00:08:08,529
Harvard's Paul Horowitz doubt that the
question of other life in the universe

316
00:08:08,529 --> 00:08:08,539
question of other life in the universe
 

317
00:08:08,539 --> 00:08:10,920
question of other life in the universe
will ever be answered in the abstract

318
00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:10,930
will ever be answered in the abstract
 

319
00:08:10,930 --> 00:08:12,850
will ever be answered in the abstract
people have argued for a long time about

320
00:08:12,850 --> 00:08:12,860
people have argued for a long time about
 

321
00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:14,560
people have argued for a long time about
the odds what are the probabilities that

322
00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:14,570
the odds what are the probabilities that
 

323
00:08:14,570 --> 00:08:16,029
the odds what are the probabilities that
there's life elsewhere in the universe

324
00:08:16,029 --> 00:08:16,039
there's life elsewhere in the universe
 

325
00:08:16,039 --> 00:08:19,029
there's life elsewhere in the universe
and lacking any data they're nothing but

326
00:08:19,029 --> 00:08:19,039
and lacking any data they're nothing but
 

327
00:08:19,039 --> 00:08:21,129
and lacking any data they're nothing but
arguments and you can argue yourself

328
00:08:21,129 --> 00:08:21,139
arguments and you can argue yourself
 

329
00:08:21,139 --> 00:08:22,659
arguments and you can argue yourself
blue in the face but if you want to

330
00:08:22,659 --> 00:08:22,669
blue in the face but if you want to
 

331
00:08:22,669 --> 00:08:24,940
blue in the face but if you want to
answer this question you're gonna have

332
00:08:24,940 --> 00:08:24,950
answer this question you're gonna have
 

333
00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:27,790
answer this question you're gonna have
to do the experiment but how can you do

334
00:08:27,790 --> 00:08:27,800
to do the experiment but how can you do
 

335
00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:29,469
to do the experiment but how can you do
the experiment what is the right

336
00:08:29,469 --> 00:08:29,479
the experiment what is the right
 

337
00:08:29,479 --> 00:08:32,170
the experiment what is the right
experiment over interstellar distances

338
00:08:32,170 --> 00:08:32,180
experiment over interstellar distances
 

339
00:08:32,180 --> 00:08:35,140
experiment over interstellar distances
there's little sign of Earth the Sun

340
00:08:35,140 --> 00:08:35,150
there's little sign of Earth the Sun
 

341
00:08:35,150 --> 00:08:37,269
there's little sign of Earth the Sun
outshines the planet by more than a

342
00:08:37,269 --> 00:08:37,279
outshines the planet by more than a
 

343
00:08:37,279 --> 00:08:38,660
outshines the planet by more than a
billion to one

344
00:08:38,660 --> 00:08:38,670
billion to one
 

345
00:08:38,670 --> 00:08:40,370
billion to one
that's one reason we've not yet seen

346
00:08:40,370 --> 00:08:40,380
that's one reason we've not yet seen
 

347
00:08:40,380 --> 00:08:42,590
that's one reason we've not yet seen
planets around other stars with even the

348
00:08:42,590 --> 00:08:42,600
planets around other stars with even the
 

349
00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,200
planets around other stars with even the
largest optical telescopes it's rather

350
00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:45,210
largest optical telescopes it's rather
 

351
00:08:45,210 --> 00:08:47,240
largest optical telescopes it's rather
like trying to see a firefly perched on

352
00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:47,250
like trying to see a firefly perched on
 

353
00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:50,690
like trying to see a firefly perched on
the rim of a searchlight but at radio

354
00:08:50,690 --> 00:08:50,700
the rim of a searchlight but at radio
 

355
00:08:50,700 --> 00:08:53,150
the rim of a searchlight but at radio
wavelengths at certain times and certain

356
00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:53,160
wavelengths at certain times and certain
 

357
00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:55,940
wavelengths at certain times and certain
frequencies Earth's technology outshines

358
00:08:55,940 --> 00:08:55,950
frequencies Earth's technology outshines
 

359
00:08:55,950 --> 00:08:58,370
frequencies Earth's technology outshines
all other sources in the solar system by

360
00:08:58,370 --> 00:08:58,380
all other sources in the solar system by
 

361
00:08:58,380 --> 00:09:01,610
all other sources in the solar system by
nearly a million to one the carrier

362
00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:01,620
nearly a million to one the carrier
 

363
00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:03,580
nearly a million to one the carrier
waves of Earth's radio and television

364
00:09:03,580 --> 00:09:03,590
waves of Earth's radio and television
 

365
00:09:03,590 --> 00:09:05,960
waves of Earth's radio and television
broadcasts leak outward in a spherical

366
00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:05,970
broadcasts leak outward in a spherical
 

367
00:09:05,970 --> 00:09:09,260
broadcasts leak outward in a spherical
shell and could be detected by distant

368
00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:09,270
shell and could be detected by distant
 

369
00:09:09,270 --> 00:09:13,220
shell and could be detected by distant
civilizations radio signals travel at

370
00:09:13,220 --> 00:09:13,230
civilizations radio signals travel at
 

371
00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:15,470
civilizations radio signals travel at
the speed of light the fastest velocity

372
00:09:15,470 --> 00:09:15,480
the speed of light the fastest velocity
 

373
00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,830
the speed of light the fastest velocity
possible in contrast pioneer 10 has been

374
00:09:18,830 --> 00:09:18,840
possible in contrast pioneer 10 has been
 

375
00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:21,710
possible in contrast pioneer 10 has been
traveling for nine years to cover some 4

376
00:09:21,710 --> 00:09:21,720
traveling for nine years to cover some 4
 

377
00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:24,050
traveling for nine years to cover some 4
billion miles but its signal arrives

378
00:09:24,050 --> 00:09:24,060
billion miles but its signal arrives
 

379
00:09:24,060 --> 00:09:26,200
billion miles but its signal arrives
back here on earth in just five hours

380
00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:26,210
back here on earth in just five hours
 

381
00:09:26,210 --> 00:09:29,120
back here on earth in just five hours
that's one reason NASA researchers think

382
00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:29,130
that's one reason NASA researchers think
 

383
00:09:29,130 --> 00:09:32,030
that's one reason NASA researchers think
it is communication not physical travel

384
00:09:32,030 --> 00:09:32,040
it is communication not physical travel
 

385
00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:34,160
it is communication not physical travel
that makes most sense for all species

386
00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:34,170
that makes most sense for all species
 

387
00:09:34,170 --> 00:09:37,100
that makes most sense for all species
everywhere in the universe earth's most

388
00:09:37,100 --> 00:09:37,110
everywhere in the universe earth's most
 

389
00:09:37,110 --> 00:09:39,440
everywhere in the universe earth's most
sensitive antennas could detect strong

390
00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:39,450
sensitive antennas could detect strong
 

391
00:09:39,450 --> 00:09:44,680
sensitive antennas could detect strong
signals from halfway across the galaxy

392
00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:44,690

 

393
00:09:44,690 --> 00:09:47,260

traveling for just five light-hours

394
00:09:47,260 --> 00:09:47,270
traveling for just five light-hours
 

395
00:09:47,270 --> 00:09:50,420
traveling for just five light-hours
pioneer tens very weak signal is being

396
00:09:50,420 --> 00:09:50,430
pioneer tens very weak signal is being
 

397
00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:52,820
pioneer tens very weak signal is being
used to test NASA's prototype detectors

398
00:09:52,820 --> 00:09:52,830
used to test NASA's prototype detectors
 

399
00:09:52,830 --> 00:09:55,760
used to test NASA's prototype detectors
back here on earth Barney Oliver chief

400
00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:55,770
back here on earth Barney Oliver chief
 

401
00:09:55,770 --> 00:09:58,400
back here on earth Barney Oliver chief
up NASA's SETI office looking for a

402
00:09:58,400 --> 00:09:58,410
up NASA's SETI office looking for a
 

403
00:09:58,410 --> 00:09:59,930
up NASA's SETI office looking for a
signal now it's coming from the Pioneer

404
00:09:59,930 --> 00:09:59,940
signal now it's coming from the Pioneer
 

405
00:09:59,940 --> 00:10:03,050
signal now it's coming from the Pioneer
spacecraft which is now outside the

406
00:10:03,050 --> 00:10:03,060
spacecraft which is now outside the
 

407
00:10:03,060 --> 00:10:04,730
spacecraft which is now outside the
solar system that's beyond the orbit of

408
00:10:04,730 --> 00:10:04,740
solar system that's beyond the orbit of
 

409
00:10:04,740 --> 00:10:09,700
solar system that's beyond the orbit of
Neptune its carrier is a 1 watt signal

410
00:10:09,700 --> 00:10:09,710
Neptune its carrier is a 1 watt signal
 

411
00:10:09,710 --> 00:10:13,070
Neptune its carrier is a 1 watt signal
and that is about the fun what one

412
00:10:13,070 --> 00:10:13,080
and that is about the fun what one
 

413
00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:15,650
and that is about the fun what one
twentieth of the energy of a candle

414
00:10:15,650 --> 00:10:15,660
twentieth of the energy of a candle
 

415
00:10:15,660 --> 00:10:18,020
twentieth of the energy of a candle
burning so we're picking up a really

416
00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:18,030
burning so we're picking up a really
 

417
00:10:18,030 --> 00:10:21,890
burning so we're picking up a really
small signal indeed we succeed the Naza

418
00:10:21,890 --> 00:10:21,900
small signal indeed we succeed the Naza
 

419
00:10:21,900 --> 00:10:24,050
small signal indeed we succeed the Naza
effort has united Barney Oliver and

420
00:10:24,050 --> 00:10:24,060
effort has united Barney Oliver and
 

421
00:10:24,060 --> 00:10:26,870
effort has united Barney Oliver and
other longtime City proponents with the

422
00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:26,880
other longtime City proponents with the
 

423
00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:28,910
other longtime City proponents with the
younger generation of computer builders

424
00:10:28,910 --> 00:10:28,920
younger generation of computer builders
 

425
00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:31,550
younger generation of computer builders
and programmers including Kent colors

426
00:10:31,550 --> 00:10:31,560
and programmers including Kent colors
 

427
00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:34,940
and programmers including Kent colors
who despite being blind has worked on

428
00:10:34,940 --> 00:10:34,950
who despite being blind has worked on
 

429
00:10:34,950 --> 00:10:37,150
who despite being blind has worked on
the statistics of pattern recognition

430
00:10:37,150 --> 00:10:37,160
the statistics of pattern recognition
 

431
00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:40,580
the statistics of pattern recognition
pioneer 10 is simply a very good example

432
00:10:40,580 --> 00:10:40,590
pioneer 10 is simply a very good example
 

433
00:10:40,590 --> 00:10:42,680
pioneer 10 is simply a very good example
of the kind of signal that we might

434
00:10:42,680 --> 00:10:42,690
of the kind of signal that we might
 

435
00:10:42,690 --> 00:10:45,410
of the kind of signal that we might
detect first of all although it's kind

436
00:10:45,410 --> 00:10:45,420
detect first of all although it's kind
 

437
00:10:45,420 --> 00:10:47,540
detect first of all although it's kind
of close in interstellar terms it's a

438
00:10:47,540 --> 00:10:47,550
of close in interstellar terms it's a
 

439
00:10:47,550 --> 00:10:49,430
of close in interstellar terms it's a
very weak one would expect that a

440
00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:49,440
very weak one would expect that a
 

441
00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:52,079
very weak one would expect that a
civilization would be farther away and

442
00:10:52,079 --> 00:10:52,089
civilization would be farther away and
 

443
00:10:52,089 --> 00:10:53,970
civilization would be farther away and
hunger it's near the limit of our

444
00:10:53,970 --> 00:10:53,980
hunger it's near the limit of our
 

445
00:10:53,980 --> 00:10:57,119
hunger it's near the limit of our
detection it's also a good example of a

446
00:10:57,119 --> 00:10:57,129
detection it's also a good example of a
 

447
00:10:57,129 --> 00:11:01,619
detection it's also a good example of a
signal that might be used as beacon I'm

448
00:11:01,619 --> 00:11:01,629
signal that might be used as beacon I'm
 

449
00:11:01,629 --> 00:11:05,340
signal that might be used as beacon I'm
gonna go upper hurts just let's see what

450
00:11:05,340 --> 00:11:05,350
gonna go upper hurts just let's see what
 

451
00:11:05,350 --> 00:11:07,519
gonna go upper hurts just let's see what
happens here the test was successful

452
00:11:07,519 --> 00:11:07,529
happens here the test was successful
 

453
00:11:07,529 --> 00:11:09,540
happens here the test was successful
even though the rotation of the earth

454
00:11:09,540 --> 00:11:09,550
even though the rotation of the earth
 

455
00:11:09,550 --> 00:11:11,249
even though the rotation of the earth
and its motion through the galaxy

456
00:11:11,249 --> 00:11:11,259
and its motion through the galaxy
 

457
00:11:11,259 --> 00:11:13,259
and its motion through the galaxy
continuously changes the frequency of

458
00:11:13,259 --> 00:11:13,269
continuously changes the frequency of
 

459
00:11:13,269 --> 00:11:15,150
continuously changes the frequency of
Pioneer signal over time there's a

460
00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:15,160
Pioneer signal over time there's a
 

461
00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:19,019
Pioneer signal over time there's a
promising candidate right here laughs a

462
00:11:19,019 --> 00:11:19,029
promising candidate right here laughs a
 

463
00:11:19,029 --> 00:11:21,119
promising candidate right here laughs a
wait for a few more spectra to see if it

464
00:11:21,119 --> 00:11:21,129
wait for a few more spectra to see if it
 

465
00:11:21,129 --> 00:11:26,220
wait for a few more spectra to see if it
does yes I think that's it this right

466
00:11:26,220 --> 00:11:26,230
does yes I think that's it this right
 

467
00:11:26,230 --> 00:11:29,340
does yes I think that's it this right
line do you see going slanting down the

468
00:11:29,340 --> 00:11:29,350
line do you see going slanting down the
 

469
00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:32,160
line do you see going slanting down the
screen is the signal from the pioneer 10

470
00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:32,170
screen is the signal from the pioneer 10
 

471
00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:37,650
screen is the signal from the pioneer 10
spacecraft now if you look at other

472
00:11:37,650 --> 00:11:37,660
spacecraft now if you look at other
 

473
00:11:37,660 --> 00:11:40,259
spacecraft now if you look at other
means of communication or making contact

474
00:11:40,259 --> 00:11:40,269
means of communication or making contact
 

475
00:11:40,269 --> 00:11:43,199
means of communication or making contact
you have to send something you can't

476
00:11:43,199 --> 00:11:43,209
you have to send something you can't
 

477
00:11:43,209 --> 00:11:45,569
you have to send something you can't
just think about it you have to send

478
00:11:45,569 --> 00:11:45,579
just think about it you have to send
 

479
00:11:45,579 --> 00:11:47,999
just think about it you have to send
something and we've investigated all the

480
00:11:47,999 --> 00:11:48,009
something and we've investigated all the
 

481
00:11:48,009 --> 00:11:49,829
something and we've investigated all the
known particles and it's certainly true

482
00:11:49,829 --> 00:11:49,839
known particles and it's certainly true
 

483
00:11:49,839 --> 00:11:51,989
known particles and it's certainly true
that electromagnetic waves or photons

484
00:11:51,989 --> 00:11:51,999
that electromagnetic waves or photons
 

485
00:11:51,999 --> 00:11:56,280
that electromagnetic waves or photons
are hands down the best medium to use so

486
00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:56,290
are hands down the best medium to use so
 

487
00:11:56,290 --> 00:11:57,780
are hands down the best medium to use so
it might seem that we have solved the

488
00:11:57,780 --> 00:11:57,790
it might seem that we have solved the
 

489
00:11:57,790 --> 00:11:59,850
it might seem that we have solved the
problem of how to do the SETI experiment

490
00:11:59,850 --> 00:11:59,860
problem of how to do the SETI experiment
 

491
00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:02,220
problem of how to do the SETI experiment
look for artificial signals at radio

492
00:12:02,220 --> 00:12:02,230
look for artificial signals at radio
 

493
00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:04,650
look for artificial signals at radio
frequencies unfortunately it's not that

494
00:12:04,650 --> 00:12:04,660
frequencies unfortunately it's not that
 

495
00:12:04,660 --> 00:12:08,189
frequencies unfortunately it's not that
simple consider a terrestrial FM radio

496
00:12:08,189 --> 00:12:08,199
simple consider a terrestrial FM radio
 

497
00:12:08,199 --> 00:12:12,059
simple consider a terrestrial FM radio
dial on earth we recognize the channels

498
00:12:12,059 --> 00:12:12,069
dial on earth we recognize the channels
 

499
00:12:12,069 --> 00:12:14,220
dial on earth we recognize the channels
of our favorite radio stations defined

500
00:12:14,220 --> 00:12:14,230
of our favorite radio stations defined
 

501
00:12:14,230 --> 00:12:16,439
of our favorite radio stations defined
in mega birds and can tone from one to

502
00:12:16,439 --> 00:12:16,449
in mega birds and can tone from one to
 

503
00:12:16,449 --> 00:12:18,689
in mega birds and can tone from one to
the other each station has an assigned

504
00:12:18,689 --> 00:12:18,699
the other each station has an assigned
 

505
00:12:18,699 --> 00:12:21,329
the other each station has an assigned
place on the dial there it broadcasts a

506
00:12:21,329 --> 00:12:21,339
place on the dial there it broadcasts a
 

507
00:12:21,339 --> 00:12:23,220
place on the dial there it broadcasts a
carrier wave that's always present you

508
00:12:23,220 --> 00:12:23,230
carrier wave that's always present you
 

509
00:12:23,230 --> 00:12:25,199
carrier wave that's always present you
no matter the program content the

510
00:12:25,199 --> 00:12:25,209
no matter the program content the
 

511
00:12:25,209 --> 00:12:26,910
no matter the program content the
stations are separated from each other

512
00:12:26,910 --> 00:12:26,920
stations are separated from each other
 

513
00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:31,079
stations are separated from each other
so that they do not interfere on the

514
00:12:31,079 --> 00:12:31,089
so that they do not interfere on the
 

515
00:12:31,089 --> 00:12:33,600
so that they do not interfere on the
cosmic radio dial we're also looking for

516
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:33,610
cosmic radio dial we're also looking for
 

517
00:12:33,610 --> 00:12:35,669
cosmic radio dial we're also looking for
signals artificially concentrated in

518
00:12:35,669 --> 00:12:35,679
signals artificially concentrated in
 

519
00:12:35,679 --> 00:12:38,220
signals artificially concentrated in
frequency but we don't know what

520
00:12:38,220 --> 00:12:38,230
frequency but we don't know what
 

521
00:12:38,230 --> 00:12:39,960
frequency but we don't know what
frequencies the extraterrestrials may be

522
00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:39,970
frequencies the extraterrestrials may be
 

523
00:12:39,970 --> 00:12:43,619
frequencies the extraterrestrials may be
using on earth between 90 and 92

524
00:12:43,619 --> 00:12:43,629
using on earth between 90 and 92
 

525
00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:46,139
using on earth between 90 and 92
megahertz there are just ten frequencies

526
00:12:46,139 --> 00:12:46,149
megahertz there are just ten frequencies
 

527
00:12:46,149 --> 00:12:49,590
megahertz there are just ten frequencies
in use on the cosmic dial there are 20

528
00:12:49,590 --> 00:12:49,600
in use on the cosmic dial there are 20
 

529
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,710
in use on the cosmic dial there are 20
million potentially usable frequencies

530
00:12:52,710 --> 00:12:52,720
million potentially usable frequencies
 

531
00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:55,750
million potentially usable frequencies
in space the entire electromagnetic

532
00:12:55,750 --> 00:12:55,760
in space the entire electromagnetic
 

533
00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:57,960
in space the entire electromagnetic
spectrum could be used for communication

534
00:12:57,960 --> 00:12:57,970
spectrum could be used for communication
 

535
00:12:57,970 --> 00:13:00,790
spectrum could be used for communication
but in practice some portions of the

536
00:13:00,790 --> 00:13:00,800
but in practice some portions of the
 

537
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,030
but in practice some portions of the
cosmic radio dial are harder to use

538
00:13:03,030 --> 00:13:03,040
cosmic radio dial are harder to use
 

539
00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,790
cosmic radio dial are harder to use
lower frequencies that we use for FM and

540
00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:06,800
lower frequencies that we use for FM and
 

541
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,430
lower frequencies that we use for FM and
TV broadcasts are overwhelmed by

542
00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:09,440
TV broadcasts are overwhelmed by
 

543
00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:11,560
TV broadcasts are overwhelmed by
interference from natural sources in our

544
00:13:11,560 --> 00:13:11,570
interference from natural sources in our
 

545
00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:14,500
interference from natural sources in our
galaxy so we think it makes sense to

546
00:13:14,500 --> 00:13:14,510
galaxy so we think it makes sense to
 

547
00:13:14,510 --> 00:13:16,720
galaxy so we think it makes sense to
listen in the microwave region between

548
00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:16,730
listen in the microwave region between
 

549
00:13:16,730 --> 00:13:20,200
listen in the microwave region between
1,000 and 100,000 megahertz there is a

550
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:20,210
1,000 and 100,000 megahertz there is a
 

551
00:13:20,210 --> 00:13:22,060
1,000 and 100,000 megahertz there is a
preferred region in the electromagnetic

552
00:13:22,060 --> 00:13:22,070
preferred region in the electromagnetic
 

553
00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:24,310
preferred region in the electromagnetic
spectrum we believe to minimize as the

554
00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:24,320
spectrum we believe to minimize as the
 

555
00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,160
spectrum we believe to minimize as the
energy required to make contact and that

556
00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:27,170
energy required to make contact and that
 

557
00:13:27,170 --> 00:13:29,050
energy required to make contact and that
is the microwave region and the reason

558
00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:29,060
is the microwave region and the reason
 

559
00:13:29,060 --> 00:13:31,600
is the microwave region and the reason
for that is that the noise that would

560
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:31,610
for that is that the noise that would
 

561
00:13:31,610 --> 00:13:33,250
for that is that the noise that would
interfere with our transmissions or

562
00:13:33,250 --> 00:13:33,260
interfere with our transmissions or
 

563
00:13:33,260 --> 00:13:36,550
interfere with our transmissions or
theirs is lowest there if you know lower

564
00:13:36,550 --> 00:13:36,560
theirs is lowest there if you know lower
 

565
00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:39,100
theirs is lowest there if you know lower
in frequency the noise increases noises

566
00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:39,110
in frequency the noise increases noises
 

567
00:13:39,110 --> 00:13:41,830
in frequency the noise increases noises
of the galaxy produces you go higher in

568
00:13:41,830 --> 00:13:41,840
of the galaxy produces you go higher in
 

569
00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:43,540
of the galaxy produces you go higher in
frequency quantum effects come in and

570
00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:43,550
frequency quantum effects come in and
 

571
00:13:43,550 --> 00:13:46,360
frequency quantum effects come in and
create noise and in this silent valley

572
00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:46,370
create noise and in this silent valley
 

573
00:13:46,370 --> 00:13:49,330
create noise and in this silent valley
between those two walls communication

574
00:13:49,330 --> 00:13:49,340
between those two walls communication
 

575
00:13:49,340 --> 00:13:50,650
between those two walls communication
can be accomplished with the least

576
00:13:50,650 --> 00:13:50,660
can be accomplished with the least
 

577
00:13:50,660 --> 00:13:53,650
can be accomplished with the least
energy of any region of the spectrum but

578
00:13:53,650 --> 00:13:53,660
energy of any region of the spectrum but
 

579
00:13:53,660 --> 00:13:55,450
energy of any region of the spectrum but
even if there are clues about frequency

580
00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:55,460
even if there are clues about frequency
 

581
00:13:55,460 --> 00:13:57,760
even if there are clues about frequency
you still must choose where when and

582
00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:57,770
you still must choose where when and
 

583
00:13:57,770 --> 00:14:00,160
you still must choose where when and
exactly how to listen it's really more

584
00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:00,170
exactly how to listen it's really more
 

585
00:14:00,170 --> 00:14:01,780
exactly how to listen it's really more
like looking for a needle inside a

586
00:14:01,780 --> 00:14:01,790
like looking for a needle inside a
 

587
00:14:01,790 --> 00:14:04,480
like looking for a needle inside a
haystack inside a haystack for

588
00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:04,490
haystack inside a haystack for
 

589
00:14:04,490 --> 00:14:06,400
haystack inside a haystack for
simplicity SETI researchers compared

590
00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:06,410
simplicity SETI researchers compared
 

591
00:14:06,410 --> 00:14:08,130
simplicity SETI researchers compared
their experiments using three parameters

592
00:14:08,130 --> 00:14:08,140
their experiments using three parameters
 

593
00:14:08,140 --> 00:14:10,780
their experiments using three parameters
in addition to frequency you have to

594
00:14:10,780 --> 00:14:10,790
in addition to frequency you have to
 

595
00:14:10,790 --> 00:14:13,120
in addition to frequency you have to
choose directions to survey the whole

596
00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:13,130
choose directions to survey the whole
 

597
00:14:13,130 --> 00:14:15,840
choose directions to survey the whole
sky or to target individual stars and

598
00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:15,850
sky or to target individual stars and
 

599
00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:18,160
sky or to target individual stars and
all experiments will have different

600
00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:18,170
all experiments will have different
 

601
00:14:18,170 --> 00:14:20,560
all experiments will have different
sensitivities determined primarily by

602
00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:20,570
sensitivities determined primarily by
 

603
00:14:20,570 --> 00:14:23,410
sensitivities determined primarily by
the size of the radio antenna and by how

604
00:14:23,410 --> 00:14:23,420
the size of the radio antenna and by how
 

605
00:14:23,420 --> 00:14:27,220
the size of the radio antenna and by how
long they listen are there any further

606
00:14:27,220 --> 00:14:27,230
long they listen are there any further
 

607
00:14:27,230 --> 00:14:29,080
long they listen are there any further
clues which can help limit places to

608
00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:29,090
clues which can help limit places to
 

609
00:14:29,090 --> 00:14:31,270
clues which can help limit places to
look for the needle many study

610
00:14:31,270 --> 00:14:31,280
look for the needle many study
 

611
00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:33,220
look for the needle many study
researchers think there may be at least

612
00:14:33,220 --> 00:14:33,230
researchers think there may be at least
 

613
00:14:33,230 --> 00:14:35,680
researchers think there may be at least
in the frequency dimension since

614
00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:35,690
in the frequency dimension since
 

615
00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:37,570
in the frequency dimension since
hydrogen is the most abundant element in

616
00:14:37,570 --> 00:14:37,580
hydrogen is the most abundant element in
 

617
00:14:37,580 --> 00:14:39,370
hydrogen is the most abundant element in
the universe they argue that all

618
00:14:39,370 --> 00:14:39,380
the universe they argue that all
 

619
00:14:39,380 --> 00:14:41,380
the universe they argue that all
intelligent species would think of

620
00:14:41,380 --> 00:14:41,390
intelligent species would think of
 

621
00:14:41,390 --> 00:14:43,390
intelligent species would think of
transmitting their signals close to the

622
00:14:43,390 --> 00:14:43,400
transmitting their signals close to the
 

623
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:44,980
transmitting their signals close to the
frequency at which hydrogen atoms

624
00:14:44,980 --> 00:14:44,990
frequency at which hydrogen atoms
 

625
00:14:44,990 --> 00:14:47,610
frequency at which hydrogen atoms
naturally emit radio waves

626
00:14:47,610 --> 00:14:47,620
naturally emit radio waves
 

627
00:14:47,620 --> 00:14:50,290
naturally emit radio waves
1420 megahertz was the first so-called

628
00:14:50,290 --> 00:14:50,300
1420 megahertz was the first so-called
 

629
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,410
1420 megahertz was the first so-called
magic frequency to be tried it was at

630
00:14:53,410 --> 00:14:53,420
magic frequency to be tried it was at
 

631
00:14:53,420 --> 00:14:56,110
magic frequency to be tried it was at
1420 megahertz that Frank trach searched

632
00:14:56,110 --> 00:14:56,120
1420 megahertz that Frank trach searched
 

633
00:14:56,120 --> 00:15:00,250
1420 megahertz that Frank trach searched
in 1960 the first targeted search he

634
00:15:00,250 --> 00:15:00,260
in 1960 the first targeted search he
 

635
00:15:00,260 --> 00:15:02,350
in 1960 the first targeted search he
looked at just two stars at this one

636
00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:02,360
looked at just two stars at this one
 

637
00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:04,390
looked at just two stars at this one
frequency in a search of moderate

638
00:15:04,390 --> 00:15:04,400
frequency in a search of moderate
 

639
00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:08,320
frequency in a search of moderate
sensitivity in 1973 Ohio State

640
00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:08,330
sensitivity in 1973 Ohio State
 

641
00:15:08,330 --> 00:15:10,510
sensitivity in 1973 Ohio State
University with its unusual antenna

642
00:15:10,510 --> 00:15:10,520
University with its unusual antenna
 

643
00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:13,810
University with its unusual antenna
began a continuing sky servic it listens

644
00:15:13,810 --> 00:15:13,820
began a continuing sky servic it listens
 

645
00:15:13,820 --> 00:15:16,090
began a continuing sky servic it listens
not to single stars but to the sky

646
00:15:16,090 --> 00:15:16,100
not to single stars but to the sky
 

647
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:18,580
not to single stars but to the sky
passing overhead it covers 50 channels

648
00:15:18,580 --> 00:15:18,590
passing overhead it covers 50 channels
 

649
00:15:18,590 --> 00:15:22,630
passing overhead it covers 50 channels
but is low in sensitivity searches over

650
00:15:22,630 --> 00:15:22,640
but is low in sensitivity searches over
 

651
00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,150
but is low in sensitivity searches over
the last six years by myself and French

652
00:15:25,150 --> 00:15:25,160
the last six years by myself and French
 

653
00:15:25,160 --> 00:15:27,130
the last six years by myself and French
radio astronomer Francois Bureau at mal

654
00:15:27,130 --> 00:15:27,140
radio astronomer Francois Bureau at mal
 

655
00:15:27,140 --> 00:15:30,310
radio astronomer Francois Bureau at mal
say have looked at 350 stars in the

656
00:15:30,310 --> 00:15:30,320
say have looked at 350 stars in the
 

657
00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:32,890
say have looked at 350 stars in the
latest targeted search there has been

658
00:15:32,890 --> 00:15:32,900
latest targeted search there has been
 

659
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:34,930
latest targeted search there has been
significant international interest in

660
00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:34,940
significant international interest in
 

661
00:15:34,940 --> 00:15:36,760
significant international interest in
setting with searches mounted in the

662
00:15:36,760 --> 00:15:36,770
setting with searches mounted in the
 

663
00:15:36,770 --> 00:15:39,400
setting with searches mounted in the
USSR Canada Holland Germany and

664
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:39,410
USSR Canada Holland Germany and
 

665
00:15:39,410 --> 00:15:41,290
USSR Canada Holland Germany and
Australia as well as those in the United

666
00:15:41,290 --> 00:15:41,300
Australia as well as those in the United
 

667
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:41,710
Australia as well as those in the United
States

668
00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:41,720
States
 

669
00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:46,749
States
friends I'd not say by adapting existing

670
00:15:46,749 --> 00:15:46,759
friends I'd not say by adapting existing
 

671
00:15:46,759 --> 00:15:49,269
friends I'd not say by adapting existing
radio astronomical equipment we've been

672
00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:49,279
radio astronomical equipment we've been
 

673
00:15:49,279 --> 00:15:51,040
radio astronomical equipment we've been
able to listen to thousands of channels

674
00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:51,050
able to listen to thousands of channels
 

675
00:15:51,050 --> 00:15:53,679
able to listen to thousands of channels
simultaneously we've achieved improved

676
00:15:53,679 --> 00:15:53,689
simultaneously we've achieved improved
 

677
00:15:53,689 --> 00:15:55,929
simultaneously we've achieved improved
frequency coverage and a modest gain in

678
00:15:55,929 --> 00:15:55,939
frequency coverage and a modest gain in
 

679
00:15:55,939 --> 00:16:00,970
frequency coverage and a modest gain in
sensitivity as computers advanced it

680
00:16:00,970 --> 00:16:00,980
sensitivity as computers advanced it
 

681
00:16:00,980 --> 00:16:02,889
sensitivity as computers advanced it
became possible to construct detectors

682
00:16:02,889 --> 00:16:02,899
became possible to construct detectors
 

683
00:16:02,899 --> 00:16:04,600
became possible to construct detectors
that were specially adapted to the needs

684
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:04,610
that were specially adapted to the needs
 

685
00:16:04,610 --> 00:16:07,449
that were specially adapted to the needs
of Seti one of the first researchers to

686
00:16:07,449 --> 00:16:07,459
of Seti one of the first researchers to
 

687
00:16:07,459 --> 00:16:09,309
of Seti one of the first researchers to
take advantage of this capability was

688
00:16:09,309 --> 00:16:09,319
take advantage of this capability was
 

689
00:16:09,319 --> 00:16:11,619
take advantage of this capability was
Paul harvest a professor of physics at

690
00:16:11,619 --> 00:16:11,629
Paul harvest a professor of physics at
 

691
00:16:11,629 --> 00:16:13,929
Paul harvest a professor of physics at
Harvard University the key breakthrough

692
00:16:13,929 --> 00:16:13,939
Harvard University the key breakthrough
 

693
00:16:13,939 --> 00:16:16,059
Harvard University the key breakthrough
was the ability to scan many channels

694
00:16:16,059 --> 00:16:16,069
was the ability to scan many channels
 

695
00:16:16,069 --> 00:16:20,829
was the ability to scan many channels
and frequencies simultaneously the heart

696
00:16:20,829 --> 00:16:20,839
and frequencies simultaneously the heart
 

697
00:16:20,839 --> 00:16:22,090
and frequencies simultaneously the heart
of the system is a so-called

698
00:16:22,090 --> 00:16:22,100
of the system is a so-called
 

699
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:25,119
of the system is a so-called
multi-channel spectrum analyzer or mcsa

700
00:16:25,119 --> 00:16:25,129
multi-channel spectrum analyzer or mcsa
 

701
00:16:25,129 --> 00:16:27,579
multi-channel spectrum analyzer or mcsa
the one Horowitz uses in his latest

702
00:16:27,579 --> 00:16:27,589
the one Horowitz uses in his latest
 

703
00:16:27,589 --> 00:16:29,259
the one Horowitz uses in his latest
system was designed in collaboration

704
00:16:29,259 --> 00:16:29,269
system was designed in collaboration
 

705
00:16:29,269 --> 00:16:31,449
system was designed in collaboration
with ivan lins gotten colleagues at

706
00:16:31,449 --> 00:16:31,459
with ivan lins gotten colleagues at
 

707
00:16:31,459 --> 00:16:33,879
with ivan lins gotten colleagues at
Stanford University as part of the R&D

708
00:16:33,879 --> 00:16:33,889
Stanford University as part of the R&D
 

709
00:16:33,889 --> 00:16:37,210
Stanford University as part of the R&D
for NASA's plan city systems Horowitz

710
00:16:37,210 --> 00:16:37,220
for NASA's plan city systems Horowitz
 

711
00:16:37,220 --> 00:16:39,340
for NASA's plan city systems Horowitz
puts this equipment to practical test in

712
00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:39,350
puts this equipment to practical test in
 

713
00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:42,790
puts this equipment to practical test in
a Sky Survey known as meta the mega

714
00:16:42,790 --> 00:16:42,800
a Sky Survey known as meta the mega
 

715
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,939
a Sky Survey known as meta the mega
channel extraterrestrial asset Drake's

716
00:16:45,939 --> 00:16:45,949
channel extraterrestrial asset Drake's
 

717
00:16:45,949 --> 00:16:48,369
channel extraterrestrial asset Drake's
experiment could scan only one frequency

718
00:16:48,369 --> 00:16:48,379
experiment could scan only one frequency
 

719
00:16:48,379 --> 00:16:51,970
experiment could scan only one frequency
channel at a time meta can listen to 8.4

720
00:16:51,970 --> 00:16:51,980
channel at a time meta can listen to 8.4
 

721
00:16:51,980 --> 00:16:53,230
channel at a time meta can listen to 8.4
million frequency channels

722
00:16:53,230 --> 00:16:53,240
million frequency channels
 

723
00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:55,929
million frequency channels
simultaneously it can do in one second

724
00:16:55,929 --> 00:16:55,939
simultaneously it can do in one second
 

725
00:16:55,939 --> 00:17:00,189
simultaneously it can do in one second
which took Drake five years meta funded

726
00:17:00,189 --> 00:17:00,199
which took Drake five years meta funded
 

727
00:17:00,199 --> 00:17:02,530
which took Drake five years meta funded
by the Planetary Society is perhaps the

728
00:17:02,530 --> 00:17:02,540
by the Planetary Society is perhaps the
 

729
00:17:02,540 --> 00:17:05,500
by the Planetary Society is perhaps the
ultimate magic frequency machine but if

730
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:05,510
ultimate magic frequency machine but if
 

731
00:17:05,510 --> 00:17:07,569
ultimate magic frequency machine but if
Horowitz has guessed wrong he may be

732
00:17:07,569 --> 00:17:07,579
Horowitz has guessed wrong he may be
 

733
00:17:07,579 --> 00:17:09,069
Horowitz has guessed wrong he may be
looking in the right direction with

734
00:17:09,069 --> 00:17:09,079
looking in the right direction with
 

735
00:17:09,079 --> 00:17:11,409
looking in the right direction with
excellent sensitivity but just the wrong

736
00:17:11,409 --> 00:17:11,419
excellent sensitivity but just the wrong
 

737
00:17:11,419 --> 00:17:14,340
excellent sensitivity but just the wrong
frequency

738
00:17:14,340 --> 00:17:14,350

 

739
00:17:14,350 --> 00:17:17,139

no search to date has found any evidence

740
00:17:17,139 --> 00:17:17,149
no search to date has found any evidence
 

741
00:17:17,149 --> 00:17:20,529
no search to date has found any evidence
of intelligent life but SETI researchers

742
00:17:20,529 --> 00:17:20,539
of intelligent life but SETI researchers
 

743
00:17:20,539 --> 00:17:22,569
of intelligent life but SETI researchers
feel that their equipment has not been

744
00:17:22,569 --> 00:17:22,579
feel that their equipment has not been
 

745
00:17:22,579 --> 00:17:26,980
feel that their equipment has not been
equal to the task NASA's goal is to

746
00:17:26,980 --> 00:17:26,990
equal to the task NASA's goal is to
 

747
00:17:26,990 --> 00:17:28,870
equal to the task NASA's goal is to
extend these previous efforts into a

748
00:17:28,870 --> 00:17:28,880
extend these previous efforts into a
 

749
00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:31,930
extend these previous efforts into a
truly comprehensive search successful

750
00:17:31,930 --> 00:17:31,940
truly comprehensive search successful
 

751
00:17:31,940 --> 00:17:33,669
truly comprehensive search successful
tests of hardware and software in

752
00:17:33,669 --> 00:17:33,679
tests of hardware and software in
 

753
00:17:33,679 --> 00:17:35,529
tests of hardware and software in
detecting signals like those coming back

754
00:17:35,529 --> 00:17:35,539
detecting signals like those coming back
 

755
00:17:35,539 --> 00:17:38,169
detecting signals like those coming back
from pioneer are but the first steps in

756
00:17:38,169 --> 00:17:38,179
from pioneer are but the first steps in
 

757
00:17:38,179 --> 00:17:40,600
from pioneer are but the first steps in
a planned 10-year project that will

758
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:40,610
a planned 10-year project that will
 

759
00:17:40,610 --> 00:17:42,700
a planned 10-year project that will
combine the most promising strategies

760
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:42,710
combine the most promising strategies
 

761
00:17:42,710 --> 00:17:45,759
combine the most promising strategies
from these earlier searches the NASA

762
00:17:45,759 --> 00:17:45,769
from these earlier searches the NASA
 

763
00:17:45,769 --> 00:17:47,259
from these earlier searches the NASA
approach that we're that we're

764
00:17:47,259 --> 00:17:47,269
approach that we're that we're
 

765
00:17:47,269 --> 00:17:49,000
approach that we're that we're
developing right now has two different

766
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:49,010
developing right now has two different
 

767
00:17:49,010 --> 00:17:51,759
developing right now has two different
approaches to the search and they're

768
00:17:51,759 --> 00:17:51,769
approaches to the search and they're
 

769
00:17:51,769 --> 00:17:54,310
approaches to the search and they're
complementary one of them is called the

770
00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:54,320
complementary one of them is called the
 

771
00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:55,990
complementary one of them is called the
sky survey and another is called the

772
00:17:55,990 --> 00:17:56,000
sky survey and another is called the
 

773
00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:57,940
sky survey and another is called the
target search and the objective of the

774
00:17:57,940 --> 00:17:57,950
target search and the objective of the
 

775
00:17:57,950 --> 00:18:00,129
target search and the objective of the
sky survey is to search the entire sky

776
00:18:00,129 --> 00:18:00,139
sky survey is to search the entire sky
 

777
00:18:00,139 --> 00:18:02,259
sky survey is to search the entire sky
having making no guesses as to what are

778
00:18:02,259 --> 00:18:02,269
having making no guesses as to what are
 

779
00:18:02,269 --> 00:18:04,480
having making no guesses as to what are
the best directions to carry out that

780
00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:04,490
the best directions to carry out that
 

781
00:18:04,490 --> 00:18:06,730
the best directions to carry out that
search in a reasonable length of time we

782
00:18:06,730 --> 00:18:06,740
search in a reasonable length of time we
 

783
00:18:06,740 --> 00:18:08,169
search in a reasonable length of time we
have to do it quickly which means we

784
00:18:08,169 --> 00:18:08,179
have to do it quickly which means we
 

785
00:18:08,179 --> 00:18:11,110
have to do it quickly which means we
sacrifice sensitivity to signals we only

786
00:18:11,110 --> 00:18:11,120
sacrifice sensitivity to signals we only
 

787
00:18:11,120 --> 00:18:12,580
sacrifice sensitivity to signals we only
detect may be the strongest of the

788
00:18:12,580 --> 00:18:12,590
detect may be the strongest of the
 

789
00:18:12,590 --> 00:18:15,190
detect may be the strongest of the
signals it might be there to cover this

790
00:18:15,190 --> 00:18:15,200
signals it might be there to cover this
 

791
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,350
signals it might be there to cover this
guy quickly the radio telescopes will be

792
00:18:17,350 --> 00:18:17,360
guy quickly the radio telescopes will be
 

793
00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:19,960
guy quickly the radio telescopes will be
driven very rapidly eventually scanning

794
00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:19,970
driven very rapidly eventually scanning
 

795
00:18:19,970 --> 00:18:22,810
driven very rapidly eventually scanning
each patch of the sky 30 times but it is

796
00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:22,820
each patch of the sky 30 times but it is
 

797
00:18:22,820 --> 00:18:24,909
each patch of the sky 30 times but it is
in frequency sampled rather than

798
00:18:24,909 --> 00:18:24,919
in frequency sampled rather than
 

799
00:18:24,919 --> 00:18:27,159
in frequency sampled rather than
directions covered that NASA's project

800
00:18:27,159 --> 00:18:27,169
directions covered that NASA's project
 

801
00:18:27,169 --> 00:18:30,610
directions covered that NASA's project
will dwarf all previous searches Drake's

802
00:18:30,610 --> 00:18:30,620
will dwarf all previous searches Drake's
 

803
00:18:30,620 --> 00:18:33,310
will dwarf all previous searches Drake's
loan frequency is gossamer thin in

804
00:18:33,310 --> 00:18:33,320
loan frequency is gossamer thin in
 

805
00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:35,409
loan frequency is gossamer thin in
comparison to the tens of billions of

806
00:18:35,409 --> 00:18:35,419
comparison to the tens of billions of
 

807
00:18:35,419 --> 00:18:37,450
comparison to the tens of billions of
usable frequencies in the naturally

808
00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:37,460
usable frequencies in the naturally
 

809
00:18:37,460 --> 00:18:40,750
usable frequencies in the naturally
quiet microwave window and even though

810
00:18:40,750 --> 00:18:40,760
quiet microwave window and even though
 

811
00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:43,000
quiet microwave window and even though
the ohio state survey covers lots of

812
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:43,010
the ohio state survey covers lots of
 

813
00:18:43,010 --> 00:18:45,490
the ohio state survey covers lots of
directions and stars about sixty percent

814
00:18:45,490 --> 00:18:45,500
directions and stars about sixty percent
 

815
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:48,129
directions and stars about sixty percent
of the sky overall its frequency range

816
00:18:48,129 --> 00:18:48,139
of the sky overall its frequency range
 

817
00:18:48,139 --> 00:18:51,519
of the sky overall its frequency range
is also limited mehta also scans the

818
00:18:51,519 --> 00:18:51,529
is also limited mehta also scans the
 

819
00:18:51,529 --> 00:18:54,490
is also limited mehta also scans the
northern skies but all of its 8.4

820
00:18:54,490 --> 00:18:54,500
northern skies but all of its 8.4
 

821
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:56,500
northern skies but all of its 8.4
million channels cluster around a single

822
00:18:56,500 --> 00:18:56,510
million channels cluster around a single
 

823
00:18:56,510 --> 00:18:59,080
million channels cluster around a single
magic frequency though it will be tuned

824
00:18:59,080 --> 00:18:59,090
magic frequency though it will be tuned
 

825
00:18:59,090 --> 00:19:02,740
magic frequency though it will be tuned
to others in contrast on the frequency

826
00:19:02,740 --> 00:19:02,750
to others in contrast on the frequency
 

827
00:19:02,750 --> 00:19:05,350
to others in contrast on the frequency
dimension NASA Sky Survey will cover the

828
00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:05,360
dimension NASA Sky Survey will cover the
 

829
00:19:05,360 --> 00:19:07,269
dimension NASA Sky Survey will cover the
whole one to ten gigahertz window and

830
00:19:07,269 --> 00:19:07,279
whole one to ten gigahertz window and
 

831
00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:10,159
whole one to ten gigahertz window and
the entire sky

832
00:19:10,159 --> 00:19:10,169
the entire sky
 

833
00:19:10,169 --> 00:19:12,259
the entire sky
to achieve this comprehensive coverage

834
00:19:12,259 --> 00:19:12,269
to achieve this comprehensive coverage
 

835
00:19:12,269 --> 00:19:15,109
to achieve this comprehensive coverage
of directions and stars NASA plans to

836
00:19:15,109 --> 00:19:15,119
of directions and stars NASA plans to
 

837
00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:17,029
of directions and stars NASA plans to
use several telescopes around the world

838
00:19:17,029 --> 00:19:17,039
use several telescopes around the world
 

839
00:19:17,039 --> 00:19:18,739
use several telescopes around the world
which are part of its spacecraft

840
00:19:18,739 --> 00:19:18,749
which are part of its spacecraft
 

841
00:19:18,749 --> 00:19:21,499
which are part of its spacecraft
tracking system each of these telescopes

842
00:19:21,499 --> 00:19:21,509
tracking system each of these telescopes
 

843
00:19:21,509 --> 00:19:23,659
tracking system each of these telescopes
can see two-thirds of the sky and NASA

844
00:19:23,659 --> 00:19:23,669
can see two-thirds of the sky and NASA
 

845
00:19:23,669 --> 00:19:25,519
can see two-thirds of the sky and NASA
will move its sky survey system between

846
00:19:25,519 --> 00:19:25,529
will move its sky survey system between
 

847
00:19:25,529 --> 00:19:27,859
will move its sky survey system between
them the complementary approach is to

848
00:19:27,859 --> 00:19:27,869
them the complementary approach is to
 

849
00:19:27,869 --> 00:19:31,639
them the complementary approach is to
say let's concentrate on detecting with

850
00:19:31,639 --> 00:19:31,649
say let's concentrate on detecting with
 

851
00:19:31,649 --> 00:19:33,229
say let's concentrate on detecting with
more sensitivity to be able to tech

852
00:19:33,229 --> 00:19:33,239
more sensitivity to be able to tech
 

853
00:19:33,239 --> 00:19:35,299
more sensitivity to be able to tech
weaker signals and to do that we look

854
00:19:35,299 --> 00:19:35,309
weaker signals and to do that we look
 

855
00:19:35,309 --> 00:19:37,399
weaker signals and to do that we look
and wonder in a few directions for

856
00:19:37,399 --> 00:19:37,409
and wonder in a few directions for
 

857
00:19:37,409 --> 00:19:39,229
and wonder in a few directions for
longer periods of time that's called the

858
00:19:39,229 --> 00:19:39,239
longer periods of time that's called the
 

859
00:19:39,239 --> 00:19:42,289
longer periods of time that's called the
targeted search and we pre select a set

860
00:19:42,289 --> 00:19:42,299
targeted search and we pre select a set
 

861
00:19:42,299 --> 00:19:45,259
targeted search and we pre select a set
of stars that we know Apriori are more

862
00:19:45,259 --> 00:19:45,269
of stars that we know Apriori are more
 

863
00:19:45,269 --> 00:19:47,299
of stars that we know Apriori are more
or less similar to our own Sun in age

864
00:19:47,299 --> 00:19:47,309
or less similar to our own Sun in age
 

865
00:19:47,309 --> 00:19:49,039
or less similar to our own Sun in age
and size and look in those directions

866
00:19:49,039 --> 00:19:49,049
and size and look in those directions
 

867
00:19:49,049 --> 00:19:51,859
and size and look in those directions
with more sensitivity and the ability to

868
00:19:51,859 --> 00:19:51,869
with more sensitivity and the ability to
 

869
00:19:51,869 --> 00:19:54,739
with more sensitivity and the ability to
tech many more complex signals the

870
00:19:54,739 --> 00:19:54,749
tech many more complex signals the
 

871
00:19:54,749 --> 00:19:56,659
tech many more complex signals the
targeted search will look repeatedly and

872
00:19:56,659 --> 00:19:56,669
targeted search will look repeatedly and
 

873
00:19:56,669 --> 00:19:58,759
targeted search will look repeatedly and
at different frequencies at nearly 800

874
00:19:58,759 --> 00:19:58,769
at different frequencies at nearly 800
 

875
00:19:58,769 --> 00:20:02,899
at different frequencies at nearly 800
year by stars like mal say NASA's

876
00:20:02,899 --> 00:20:02,909
year by stars like mal say NASA's
 

877
00:20:02,909 --> 00:20:05,419
year by stars like mal say NASA's
targeted search may start around 1420

878
00:20:05,419 --> 00:20:05,429
targeted search may start around 1420
 

879
00:20:05,429 --> 00:20:08,720
targeted search may start around 1420
megahertz that is 1.4 2 gigahertz but

880
00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:08,730
megahertz that is 1.4 2 gigahertz but
 

881
00:20:08,730 --> 00:20:09,979
megahertz that is 1.4 2 gigahertz but
then it will expand to cover all

882
00:20:09,979 --> 00:20:09,989
then it will expand to cover all
 

883
00:20:09,989 --> 00:20:13,930
then it will expand to cover all
frequencies between one and three goods

884
00:20:13,930 --> 00:20:13,940
frequencies between one and three goods
 

885
00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:16,639
frequencies between one and three goods
like the Sky Survey the targeted search

886
00:20:16,639 --> 00:20:16,649
like the Sky Survey the targeted search
 

887
00:20:16,649 --> 00:20:20,330
like the Sky Survey the targeted search
requires antennas around the world the

888
00:20:20,330 --> 00:20:20,340
requires antennas around the world the
 

889
00:20:20,340 --> 00:20:22,519
requires antennas around the world the
giant radio telescope at Arecibo is the

890
00:20:22,519 --> 00:20:22,529
giant radio telescope at Arecibo is the
 

891
00:20:22,529 --> 00:20:24,769
giant radio telescope at Arecibo is the
largest on the planet and because of its

892
00:20:24,769 --> 00:20:24,779
largest on the planet and because of its
 

893
00:20:24,779 --> 00:20:27,320
largest on the planet and because of its
unique size and sensitivity NASA hopes

894
00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:27,330
unique size and sensitivity NASA hopes
 

895
00:20:27,330 --> 00:20:29,090
unique size and sensitivity NASA hopes
to share time to search for the very

896
00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:29,100
to share time to search for the very
 

897
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:31,940
to share time to search for the very
faintest signals the large dish can't be

898
00:20:31,940 --> 00:20:31,950
faintest signals the large dish can't be
 

899
00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:34,249
faintest signals the large dish can't be
moved so it can only see stars which

900
00:20:34,249 --> 00:20:34,259
moved so it can only see stars which
 

901
00:20:34,259 --> 00:20:38,960
moved so it can only see stars which
rotate overhead each day the antennas at

902
00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:38,970
rotate overhead each day the antennas at
 

903
00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:41,269
rotate overhead each day the antennas at
either Ohio State or null say could be

904
00:20:41,269 --> 00:20:41,279
either Ohio State or null say could be
 

905
00:20:41,279 --> 00:20:43,669
either Ohio State or null say could be
used to observe about 300 stars outside

906
00:20:43,669 --> 00:20:43,679
used to observe about 300 stars outside
 

907
00:20:43,679 --> 00:20:47,560
used to observe about 300 stars outside
the range of Eros ebo

908
00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:47,570

 

909
00:20:47,570 --> 00:20:50,060

more of the target stars can be seen

910
00:20:50,060 --> 00:20:50,070
more of the target stars can be seen
 

911
00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:52,070
more of the target stars can be seen
from the southern hemisphere so about

912
00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:52,080
from the southern hemisphere so about
 

913
00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:54,109
from the southern hemisphere so about
200 of them could be observed from the

914
00:20:54,109 --> 00:20:54,119
200 of them could be observed from the
 

915
00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:56,389
200 of them could be observed from the
large NASA antenna at Canberra or

916
00:20:56,389 --> 00:20:56,399
large NASA antenna at Canberra or
 

917
00:20:56,399 --> 00:20:58,460
large NASA antenna at Canberra or
perhaps the astronomical facility at

918
00:20:58,460 --> 00:20:58,470
perhaps the astronomical facility at
 

919
00:20:58,470 --> 00:21:03,830
perhaps the astronomical facility at
parks in Australia the last 50 or so

920
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:03,840
parks in Australia the last 50 or so
 

921
00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:05,840
parks in Australia the last 50 or so
stars must be searched from a telescope

922
00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:05,850
stars must be searched from a telescope
 

923
00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:08,539
stars must be searched from a telescope
in the northern latitudes perhaps rather

924
00:21:08,539 --> 00:21:08,549
in the northern latitudes perhaps rather
 

925
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:11,180
in the northern latitudes perhaps rather
appropriately and green deck where Frank

926
00:21:11,180 --> 00:21:11,190
appropriately and green deck where Frank
 

927
00:21:11,190 --> 00:21:15,519
appropriately and green deck where Frank
Drake began the search with project Ozma

928
00:21:15,519 --> 00:21:15,529

 

929
00:21:15,529 --> 00:21:18,379

with this unparalleled combination of

930
00:21:18,379 --> 00:21:18,389
with this unparalleled combination of
 

931
00:21:18,389 --> 00:21:20,269
with this unparalleled combination of
advanced hardware and sophisticated

932
00:21:20,269 --> 00:21:20,279
advanced hardware and sophisticated
 

933
00:21:20,279 --> 00:21:22,940
advanced hardware and sophisticated
software NASA's project will have the

934
00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:22,950
software NASA's project will have the
 

935
00:21:22,950 --> 00:21:27,379
software NASA's project will have the
capability to revolutionize city

936
00:21:27,379 --> 00:21:27,389

 

937
00:21:27,389 --> 00:21:29,509

the targeted search will look for faint

938
00:21:29,509 --> 00:21:29,519
the targeted search will look for faint
 

939
00:21:29,519 --> 00:21:31,459
the targeted search will look for faint
signals from what according to the

940
00:21:31,459 --> 00:21:31,469
signals from what according to the
 

941
00:21:31,469 --> 00:21:33,169
signals from what according to the
current understanding of cosmic

942
00:21:33,169 --> 00:21:33,179
current understanding of cosmic
 

943
00:21:33,179 --> 00:21:35,149
current understanding of cosmic
evolution seem to be the most

944
00:21:35,149 --> 00:21:35,159
evolution seem to be the most
 

945
00:21:35,159 --> 00:21:37,459
evolution seem to be the most
interesting sights and we'll look at

946
00:21:37,459 --> 00:21:37,469
interesting sights and we'll look at
 

947
00:21:37,469 --> 00:21:40,879
interesting sights and we'll look at
billions of frequencies the sky survey

948
00:21:40,879 --> 00:21:40,889
billions of frequencies the sky survey
 

949
00:21:40,889 --> 00:21:42,649
billions of frequencies the sky survey
will color an even wider range of

950
00:21:42,649 --> 00:21:42,659
will color an even wider range of
 

951
00:21:42,659 --> 00:21:44,629
will color an even wider range of
frequencies yet with sufficient

952
00:21:44,629 --> 00:21:44,639
frequencies yet with sufficient
 

953
00:21:44,639 --> 00:21:46,699
frequencies yet with sufficient
sensitivity to detect a very strong

954
00:21:46,699 --> 00:21:46,709
sensitivity to detect a very strong
 

955
00:21:46,709 --> 00:21:50,239
sensitivity to detect a very strong
signal from clear across the galaxy in

956
00:21:50,239 --> 00:21:50,249
signal from clear across the galaxy in
 

957
00:21:50,249 --> 00:21:52,099
signal from clear across the galaxy in
addition NASA system will have an

958
00:21:52,099 --> 00:21:52,109
addition NASA system will have an
 

959
00:21:52,109 --> 00:21:53,959
addition NASA system will have an
unprecedented ability to look for

960
00:21:53,959 --> 00:21:53,969
unprecedented ability to look for
 

961
00:21:53,969 --> 00:21:55,759
unprecedented ability to look for
different types of signals that vary

962
00:21:55,759 --> 00:21:55,769
different types of signals that vary
 

963
00:21:55,769 --> 00:21:58,999
different types of signals that vary
over time not just a continuous carrier

964
00:21:58,999 --> 00:21:59,009
over time not just a continuous carrier
 

965
00:21:59,009 --> 00:22:01,249
over time not just a continuous carrier
wave like that of pioneer 10 or Earth's

966
00:22:01,249 --> 00:22:01,259
wave like that of pioneer 10 or Earth's
 

967
00:22:01,259 --> 00:22:04,789
wave like that of pioneer 10 or Earth's
radio broadcasts for the first time we

968
00:22:04,789 --> 00:22:04,799
radio broadcasts for the first time we
 

969
00:22:04,799 --> 00:22:06,979
radio broadcasts for the first time we
will be able to detect regular pulses

970
00:22:06,979 --> 00:22:06,989
will be able to detect regular pulses
 

971
00:22:06,989 --> 00:22:08,899
will be able to detect regular pulses
that some researchers say will save

972
00:22:08,899 --> 00:22:08,909
that some researchers say will save
 

973
00:22:08,909 --> 00:22:10,699
that some researchers say will save
energy and so be the choice of the

974
00:22:10,699 --> 00:22:10,709
energy and so be the choice of the
 

975
00:22:10,709 --> 00:22:12,769
energy and so be the choice of the
transmitting civilization the

976
00:22:12,769 --> 00:22:12,779
transmitting civilization the
 

977
00:22:12,779 --> 00:22:15,469
transmitting civilization the
interesting thing about the citysearch

978
00:22:15,469 --> 00:22:15,479
interesting thing about the citysearch
 

979
00:22:15,479 --> 00:22:18,079
interesting thing about the citysearch
is that although we claim that we're

980
00:22:18,079 --> 00:22:18,089
is that although we claim that we're
 

981
00:22:18,089 --> 00:22:19,789
is that although we claim that we're
looking for extraterrestrial

982
00:22:19,789 --> 00:22:19,799
looking for extraterrestrial
 

983
00:22:19,799 --> 00:22:23,539
looking for extraterrestrial
intelligence we can't actually define

984
00:22:23,539 --> 00:22:23,549
intelligence we can't actually define
 

985
00:22:23,549 --> 00:22:27,049
intelligence we can't actually define
what an intelligent signal is and so a

986
00:22:27,049 --> 00:22:27,059
what an intelligent signal is and so a
 

987
00:22:27,059 --> 00:22:29,299
what an intelligent signal is and so a
starting point is to say we look for a

988
00:22:29,299 --> 00:22:29,309
starting point is to say we look for a
 

989
00:22:29,309 --> 00:22:32,899
starting point is to say we look for a
signal which nature will not produce by

990
00:22:32,899 --> 00:22:32,909
signal which nature will not produce by
 

991
00:22:32,909 --> 00:22:35,749
signal which nature will not produce by
any mechanism that we understand where

992
00:22:35,749 --> 00:22:35,759
any mechanism that we understand where
 

993
00:22:35,759 --> 00:22:37,669
any mechanism that we understand where
it becomes kent colors helped NASA

994
00:22:37,669 --> 00:22:37,679
it becomes kent colors helped NASA
 

995
00:22:37,679 --> 00:22:39,649
it becomes kent colors helped NASA
design the smart computer algorithms

996
00:22:39,649 --> 00:22:39,659
design the smart computer algorithms
 

997
00:22:39,659 --> 00:22:41,479
design the smart computer algorithms
needed to locate weak signals and in

998
00:22:41,479 --> 00:22:41,489
needed to locate weak signals and in
 

999
00:22:41,489 --> 00:22:43,729
needed to locate weak signals and in
many channels of noise figure but there

1000
00:22:43,729 --> 00:22:43,739
many channels of noise figure but there
 

1001
00:22:43,739 --> 00:22:45,199
many channels of noise figure but there
will be no human staring at

1002
00:22:45,199 --> 00:22:45,209
will be no human staring at
 

1003
00:22:45,209 --> 00:22:48,199
will be no human staring at
sophisticated graphics display no human

1004
00:22:48,199 --> 00:22:48,209
sophisticated graphics display no human
 

1005
00:22:48,209 --> 00:22:50,089
sophisticated graphics display no human
is any more cited than Kent when it

1006
00:22:50,089 --> 00:22:50,099
is any more cited than Kent when it
 

1007
00:22:50,099 --> 00:22:52,159
is any more cited than Kent when it
comes to recognizing an extraterrestrial

1008
00:22:52,159 --> 00:22:52,169
comes to recognizing an extraterrestrial
 

1009
00:22:52,169 --> 00:22:55,279
comes to recognizing an extraterrestrial
signal so the eye is not a good detector

1010
00:22:55,279 --> 00:22:55,289
signal so the eye is not a good detector
 

1011
00:22:55,289 --> 00:22:58,789
signal so the eye is not a good detector
first of all in sensitivity a thing that

1012
00:22:58,789 --> 00:22:58,799
first of all in sensitivity a thing that
 

1013
00:22:58,799 --> 00:23:00,739
first of all in sensitivity a thing that
you could look at virtually forever and

1014
00:23:00,739 --> 00:23:00,749
you could look at virtually forever and
 

1015
00:23:00,749 --> 00:23:02,029
you could look at virtually forever and
you would never know whether you were

1016
00:23:02,029 --> 00:23:02,039
you would never know whether you were
 

1017
00:23:02,039 --> 00:23:04,190
you would never know whether you were
seeing random noise or whether you were

1018
00:23:04,190 --> 00:23:04,200
seeing random noise or whether you were
 

1019
00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:07,879
seeing random noise or whether you were
seeing a real signal the computer can

1020
00:23:07,879 --> 00:23:07,889
seeing a real signal the computer can
 

1021
00:23:07,889 --> 00:23:11,239
seeing a real signal the computer can
find signals that are 10 times weaker

1022
00:23:11,239 --> 00:23:11,249
find signals that are 10 times weaker
 

1023
00:23:11,249 --> 00:23:15,349
find signals that are 10 times weaker
than that the amount of data processed

1024
00:23:15,349 --> 00:23:15,359
than that the amount of data processed
 

1025
00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:17,119
than that the amount of data processed
per second is the equivalent of the

1026
00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:17,129
per second is the equivalent of the
 

1027
00:23:17,129 --> 00:23:19,159
per second is the equivalent of the
entire Encyclopedia Britannica per

1028
00:23:19,159 --> 00:23:19,169
entire Encyclopedia Britannica per
 

1029
00:23:19,169 --> 00:23:21,289
entire Encyclopedia Britannica per
second of course that's filled with

1030
00:23:21,289 --> 00:23:21,299
second of course that's filled with
 

1031
00:23:21,299 --> 00:23:24,919
second of course that's filled with
random letters if that's analogous to

1032
00:23:24,919 --> 00:23:24,929
random letters if that's analogous to
 

1033
00:23:24,929 --> 00:23:27,379
random letters if that's analogous to
noise and what you have to do is find

1034
00:23:27,379 --> 00:23:27,389
noise and what you have to do is find
 

1035
00:23:27,389 --> 00:23:30,739
noise and what you have to do is find
that one pattern that says hi there in

1036
00:23:30,739 --> 00:23:30,749
that one pattern that says hi there in
 

1037
00:23:30,749 --> 00:23:32,779
that one pattern that says hi there in
all of those random letters that come in

1038
00:23:32,779 --> 00:23:32,789
all of those random letters that come in
 

1039
00:23:32,789 --> 00:23:34,699
all of those random letters that come in
every second and then decide whether

1040
00:23:34,699 --> 00:23:34,709
every second and then decide whether
 

1041
00:23:34,709 --> 00:23:36,019
every second and then decide whether
that pattern could have happened at

1042
00:23:36,019 --> 00:23:36,029
that pattern could have happened at
 

1043
00:23:36,029 --> 00:23:37,240
that pattern could have happened at
random because

1044
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:37,250
random because
 

1045
00:23:37,250 --> 00:23:39,400
random because
your statistics of your process or

1046
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:39,410
your statistics of your process or
 

1047
00:23:39,410 --> 00:23:42,220
your statistics of your process or
whether in fact that's the real thing

1048
00:23:42,220 --> 00:23:42,230
whether in fact that's the real thing
 

1049
00:23:42,230 --> 00:23:45,310
whether in fact that's the real thing
and a human being even if he could

1050
00:23:45,310 --> 00:23:45,320
and a human being even if he could
 

1051
00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:47,140
and a human being even if he could
perform the task as effectively as a

1052
00:23:47,140 --> 00:23:47,150
perform the task as effectively as a
 

1053
00:23:47,150 --> 00:23:50,430
perform the task as effectively as a
computer couldn't do it for very long

1054
00:23:50,430 --> 00:23:50,440
computer couldn't do it for very long
 

1055
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:52,420
computer couldn't do it for very long
removing humans from the signal

1056
00:23:52,420 --> 00:23:52,430
removing humans from the signal
 

1057
00:23:52,430 --> 00:23:54,040
removing humans from the signal
detection process requires a very

1058
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:54,050
detection process requires a very
 

1059
00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:56,200
detection process requires a very
special hardware which is what Ivan

1060
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:56,210
special hardware which is what Ivan
 

1061
00:23:56,210 --> 00:23:57,910
special hardware which is what Ivan
Linscott and his colleagues at Stanford

1062
00:23:57,910 --> 00:23:57,920
Linscott and his colleagues at Stanford
 

1063
00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,210
Linscott and his colleagues at Stanford
University have been designing and

1064
00:24:00,210 --> 00:24:00,220
University have been designing and
 

1065
00:24:00,220 --> 00:24:03,250
University have been designing and
that's like having 10 million ears each

1066
00:24:03,250 --> 00:24:03,260
that's like having 10 million ears each
 

1067
00:24:03,260 --> 00:24:05,970
that's like having 10 million ears each
one listening to a particular tone and

1068
00:24:05,970 --> 00:24:05,980
one listening to a particular tone and
 

1069
00:24:05,980 --> 00:24:08,200
one listening to a particular tone and
where all of those are listening

1070
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:08,210
where all of those are listening
 

1071
00:24:08,210 --> 00:24:10,210
where all of those are listening
simultaneously and so what we're doing

1072
00:24:10,210 --> 00:24:10,220
simultaneously and so what we're doing
 

1073
00:24:10,220 --> 00:24:13,390
simultaneously and so what we're doing
now is taking the technology that exists

1074
00:24:13,390 --> 00:24:13,400
now is taking the technology that exists
 

1075
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:15,910
now is taking the technology that exists
in this prototype form and casting it in

1076
00:24:15,910 --> 00:24:15,920
in this prototype form and casting it in
 

1077
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,340
in this prototype form and casting it in
sand we're building silicon versions of

1078
00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:18,350
sand we're building silicon versions of
 

1079
00:24:18,350 --> 00:24:21,040
sand we're building silicon versions of
our processors that that together with

1080
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:21,050
our processors that that together with
 

1081
00:24:21,050 --> 00:24:23,770
our processors that that together with
the way we know how to use them will

1082
00:24:23,770 --> 00:24:23,780
the way we know how to use them will
 

1083
00:24:23,780 --> 00:24:27,010
the way we know how to use them will
convince both the scale and increase the

1084
00:24:27,010 --> 00:24:27,020
convince both the scale and increase the
 

1085
00:24:27,020 --> 00:24:29,140
convince both the scale and increase the
performance the process of

1086
00:24:29,140 --> 00:24:29,150
performance the process of
 

1087
00:24:29,150 --> 00:24:35,500
performance the process of
miniaturization is already underway 680

1088
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:35,510
miniaturization is already underway 680
 

1089
00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:38,080
miniaturization is already underway 680
of the older large boards will soon be

1090
00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:38,090
of the older large boards will soon be
 

1091
00:24:38,090 --> 00:24:40,330
of the older large boards will soon be
replaced by just 24 smaller boards

1092
00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:40,340
replaced by just 24 smaller boards
 

1093
00:24:40,340 --> 00:24:42,610
replaced by just 24 smaller boards
filled with new chips that are cheaper

1094
00:24:42,610 --> 00:24:42,620
filled with new chips that are cheaper
 

1095
00:24:42,620 --> 00:24:44,740
filled with new chips that are cheaper
smarter and faster and can be more

1096
00:24:44,740 --> 00:24:44,750
smarter and faster and can be more
 

1097
00:24:44,750 --> 00:24:47,230
smarter and faster and can be more
easily transported around the world no

1098
00:24:47,230 --> 00:24:47,240
easily transported around the world no
 

1099
00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,290
easily transported around the world no
longer will require you to step in small

1100
00:24:50,290 --> 00:24:50,300
longer will require you to step in small
 

1101
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,540
longer will require you to step in small
chunks across the frequency band you can

1102
00:24:52,540 --> 00:24:52,550
chunks across the frequency band you can
 

1103
00:24:52,550 --> 00:24:56,410
chunks across the frequency band you can
make a giant stride and and spend lots

1104
00:24:56,410 --> 00:24:56,420
make a giant stride and and spend lots
 

1105
00:24:56,420 --> 00:24:58,510
make a giant stride and and spend lots
of time on particular sources or or

1106
00:24:58,510 --> 00:24:58,520
of time on particular sources or or
 

1107
00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:01,520
of time on particular sources or or
sweep broad swath of the sky

1108
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:01,530
sweep broad swath of the sky
 

1109
00:25:01,530 --> 00:25:02,690
sweep broad swath of the sky
and I think there's where the

1110
00:25:02,690 --> 00:25:02,700
and I think there's where the
 

1111
00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:05,540
and I think there's where the
opportunity lies because it's a

1112
00:25:05,540 --> 00:25:05,550
opportunity lies because it's a
 

1113
00:25:05,550 --> 00:25:07,700
opportunity lies because it's a
prospectors art you know and you just

1114
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:07,710
prospectors art you know and you just
 

1115
00:25:07,710 --> 00:25:11,330
prospectors art you know and you just
have to look and take your best bet in

1116
00:25:11,330 --> 00:25:11,340
have to look and take your best bet in
 

1117
00:25:11,340 --> 00:25:13,520
have to look and take your best bet in
normal operations the NASA systems will

1118
00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:13,530
normal operations the NASA systems will
 

1119
00:25:13,530 --> 00:25:15,350
normal operations the NASA systems will
rely very heavily on silicon

1120
00:25:15,350 --> 00:25:15,360
rely very heavily on silicon
 

1121
00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:17,270
rely very heavily on silicon
intelligence with limited human

1122
00:25:17,270 --> 00:25:17,280
intelligence with limited human
 

1123
00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:20,240
intelligence with limited human
involvement the computers will have to

1124
00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:20,250
involvement the computers will have to
 

1125
00:25:20,250 --> 00:25:22,520
involvement the computers will have to
have sufficient online intelligence to

1126
00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:22,530
have sufficient online intelligence to
 

1127
00:25:22,530 --> 00:25:24,200
have sufficient online intelligence to
analyze the vast amounts of data

1128
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:24,210
analyze the vast amounts of data
 

1129
00:25:24,210 --> 00:25:26,870
analyze the vast amounts of data
arriving every second and weed out the

1130
00:25:26,870 --> 00:25:26,880
arriving every second and weed out the
 

1131
00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:28,970
arriving every second and weed out the
inevitable false alarms before involving

1132
00:25:28,970 --> 00:25:28,980
inevitable false alarms before involving
 

1133
00:25:28,980 --> 00:25:32,690
inevitable false alarms before involving
humans for the operational sky survey

1134
00:25:32,690 --> 00:25:32,700
humans for the operational sky survey
 

1135
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,120
humans for the operational sky survey
the sky will automatically be divided

1136
00:25:35,120 --> 00:25:35,130
the sky will automatically be divided
 

1137
00:25:35,130 --> 00:25:37,130
the sky will automatically be divided
into blocks which will be searched in

1138
00:25:37,130 --> 00:25:37,140
into blocks which will be searched in
 

1139
00:25:37,140 --> 00:25:40,520
into blocks which will be searched in
turn NASA expects many suspicious

1140
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:40,530
turn NASA expects many suspicious
 

1141
00:25:40,530 --> 00:25:42,830
turn NASA expects many suspicious
signals during each scan but they won't

1142
00:25:42,830 --> 00:25:42,840
signals during each scan but they won't
 

1143
00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:45,260
signals during each scan but they won't
be from extraterrestrials these events

1144
00:25:45,260 --> 00:25:45,270
be from extraterrestrials these events
 

1145
00:25:45,270 --> 00:25:47,390
be from extraterrestrials these events
will be compared to the online database

1146
00:25:47,390 --> 00:25:47,400
will be compared to the online database
 

1147
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,540
will be compared to the online database
of radio frequency interference RFI to

1148
00:25:50,540 --> 00:25:50,550
of radio frequency interference RFI to
 

1149
00:25:50,550 --> 00:25:53,300
of radio frequency interference RFI to
identify man-made signals most of the

1150
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:53,310
identify man-made signals most of the
 

1151
00:25:53,310 --> 00:25:55,460
identify man-made signals most of the
signals will be explained away until

1152
00:25:55,460 --> 00:25:55,470
signals will be explained away until
 

1153
00:25:55,470 --> 00:25:58,340
signals will be explained away until
someday maybe there might come something

1154
00:25:58,340 --> 00:25:58,350
someday maybe there might come something
 

1155
00:25:58,350 --> 00:26:02,030
someday maybe there might come something
more significant the characteristics of

1156
00:26:02,030 --> 00:26:02,040
more significant the characteristics of
 

1157
00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:04,070
more significant the characteristics of
the long hoped for signal will show some

1158
00:26:04,070 --> 00:26:04,080
the long hoped for signal will show some
 

1159
00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,590
the long hoped for signal will show some
clear sign of intelligence and the

1160
00:26:06,590 --> 00:26:06,600
clear sign of intelligence and the
 

1161
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:12,200
clear sign of intelligence and the
computer will have made content then it

1162
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:12,210
computer will have made content then it
 

1163
00:26:12,210 --> 00:26:14,030
computer will have made content then it
will call humans to come look and we

1164
00:26:14,030 --> 00:26:14,040
will call humans to come look and we
 

1165
00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:15,830
will call humans to come look and we
will know for sure about life elsewhere

1166
00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:15,840
will know for sure about life elsewhere
 

1167
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:20,150
will know for sure about life elsewhere
in space but before that increasing RFI

1168
00:26:20,150 --> 00:26:20,160
in space but before that increasing RFI
 

1169
00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,400
in space but before that increasing RFI
poses the greatest obstacle to success

1170
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:22,410
poses the greatest obstacle to success
 

1171
00:26:22,410 --> 00:26:25,610
poses the greatest obstacle to success
think of the haystack principle we're

1172
00:26:25,610 --> 00:26:25,620
think of the haystack principle we're
 

1173
00:26:25,620 --> 00:26:26,720
think of the haystack principle we're
looking for the needle in the haystack

1174
00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:26,730
looking for the needle in the haystack
 

1175
00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:29,630
looking for the needle in the haystack
as a gold needle same color as the hay

1176
00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:29,640
as a gold needle same color as the hay
 

1177
00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:32,150
as a gold needle same color as the hay
in the haystack but some Joker has

1178
00:26:32,150 --> 00:26:32,160
in the haystack but some Joker has
 

1179
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:33,800
in the haystack but some Joker has
thrown an awful lot of bras needles in

1180
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:33,810
thrown an awful lot of bras needles in
 

1181
00:26:33,810 --> 00:26:36,290
thrown an awful lot of bras needles in
the haystack too so not only do we have

1182
00:26:36,290 --> 00:26:36,300
the haystack too so not only do we have
 

1183
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:38,390
the haystack too so not only do we have
to pick up every little straw and sort

1184
00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:38,400
to pick up every little straw and sort
 

1185
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:39,890
to pick up every little straw and sort
of crinkle it our fingers to see if it

1186
00:26:39,890 --> 00:26:39,900
of crinkle it our fingers to see if it
 

1187
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:42,050
of crinkle it our fingers to see if it
sell it or not but we also have to test

1188
00:26:42,050 --> 00:26:42,060
sell it or not but we also have to test
 

1189
00:26:42,060 --> 00:26:43,760
sell it or not but we also have to test
every solid one because it might be a

1190
00:26:43,760 --> 00:26:43,770
every solid one because it might be a
 

1191
00:26:43,770 --> 00:26:46,640
every solid one because it might be a
bronze one since the first SETI

1192
00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:46,650
bronze one since the first SETI
 

1193
00:26:46,650 --> 00:26:48,440
bronze one since the first SETI
experiments we have filled Earth's skies

1194
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:48,450
experiments we have filled Earth's skies
 

1195
00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,960
experiments we have filled Earth's skies
with all manner of satellites and we use

1196
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:50,970
with all manner of satellites and we use
 

1197
00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:53,810
with all manner of satellites and we use
them continuously for this reason said

1198
00:26:53,810 --> 00:26:53,820
them continuously for this reason said
 

1199
00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:55,820
them continuously for this reason said
he must get started soon or it will

1200
00:26:55,820 --> 00:26:55,830
he must get started soon or it will
 

1201
00:26:55,830 --> 00:26:57,920
he must get started soon or it will
become more and more difficult to sort

1202
00:26:57,920 --> 00:26:57,930
become more and more difficult to sort
 

1203
00:26:57,930 --> 00:27:00,400
become more and more difficult to sort
out man-made signals from possible

1204
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:00,410
out man-made signals from possible
 

1205
00:27:00,410 --> 00:27:05,049
out man-made signals from possible
extraterrestrial intelligence

1206
00:27:05,049 --> 00:27:05,059

 

1207
00:27:05,059 --> 00:27:07,400

from the early theories of Philip

1208
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:07,410
from the early theories of Philip
 

1209
00:27:07,410 --> 00:27:09,380
from the early theories of Philip
morrison and the Ozma experiment of

1210
00:27:09,380 --> 00:27:09,390
morrison and the Ozma experiment of
 

1211
00:27:09,390 --> 00:27:11,630
morrison and the Ozma experiment of
Frank Drake past searches have

1212
00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:11,640
Frank Drake past searches have
 

1213
00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:14,870
Frank Drake past searches have
tantalized as much as resolved now in

1214
00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:14,880
tantalized as much as resolved now in
 

1215
00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:17,600
tantalized as much as resolved now in
the proposed NASA search technology and

1216
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:17,610
the proposed NASA search technology and
 

1217
00:27:17,610 --> 00:27:20,480
the proposed NASA search technology and
task are beginning to converge millions

1218
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:20,490
task are beginning to converge millions
 

1219
00:27:20,490 --> 00:27:22,190
task are beginning to converge millions
of times we've in fact even billions of

1220
00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:22,200
of times we've in fact even billions of
 

1221
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,230
of times we've in fact even billions of
times more comprehensive than the sum of

1222
00:27:24,230 --> 00:27:24,240
times more comprehensive than the sum of
 

1223
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:26,630
times more comprehensive than the sum of
all previous searches but fall short by

1224
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:26,640
all previous searches but fall short by
 

1225
00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:28,190
all previous searches but fall short by
about a million fold from what could be

1226
00:27:28,190 --> 00:27:28,200
about a million fold from what could be
 

1227
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,039
about a million fold from what could be
done so we're kind of nicely positioned

1228
00:27:31,039 --> 00:27:31,049
done so we're kind of nicely positioned
 

1229
00:27:31,049 --> 00:27:33,260
done so we're kind of nicely positioned
in the middle and if we succeed we will

1230
00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:33,270
in the middle and if we succeed we will
 

1231
00:27:33,270 --> 00:27:35,690
in the middle and if we succeed we will
succeed with the cheap play searching

1232
00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:35,700
succeed with the cheap play searching
 

1233
00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:37,490
succeed with the cheap play searching
the cosmic haystack with the full NASA

1234
00:27:37,490 --> 00:27:37,500
the cosmic haystack with the full NASA
 

1235
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:39,980
the cosmic haystack with the full NASA
system would cost just a few pennies per

1236
00:27:39,980 --> 00:27:39,990
system would cost just a few pennies per
 

1237
00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:43,180
system would cost just a few pennies per
american per year is it worth that price

1238
00:27:43,180 --> 00:27:43,190
american per year is it worth that price
 

1239
00:27:43,190 --> 00:27:46,460
american per year is it worth that price
when I take my paycheck home I certainly

1240
00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:46,470
when I take my paycheck home I certainly
 

1241
00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:48,650
when I take my paycheck home I certainly
pay my house bill and my medical bills

1242
00:27:48,650 --> 00:27:48,660
pay my house bill and my medical bills
 

1243
00:27:48,660 --> 00:27:51,110
pay my house bill and my medical bills
and I insurance premiums first and that

1244
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:51,120
and I insurance premiums first and that
 

1245
00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:53,419
and I insurance premiums first and that
takes up most of my income but I always

1246
00:27:53,419 --> 00:27:53,429
takes up most of my income but I always
 

1247
00:27:53,429 --> 00:27:56,270
takes up most of my income but I always
save a little bit to buy a book or go to

1248
00:27:56,270 --> 00:27:56,280
save a little bit to buy a book or go to
 

1249
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:58,430
save a little bit to buy a book or go to
a good movie or go to the Art Museum or

1250
00:27:58,430 --> 00:27:58,440
a good movie or go to the Art Museum or
 

1251
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:00,500
a good movie or go to the Art Museum or
go to a football game and I think it's

1252
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:00,510
go to a football game and I think it's
 

1253
00:28:00,510 --> 00:28:02,870
go to a football game and I think it's
that kind of activity that's necessary

1254
00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:02,880
that kind of activity that's necessary
 

1255
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,750
that kind of activity that's necessary
for us as human beings to keep us human

1256
00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:05,760
for us as human beings to keep us human
 

1257
00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:07,250
for us as human beings to keep us human
I mean that's what that's what keeps our

1258
00:28:07,250 --> 00:28:07,260
I mean that's what that's what keeps our
 

1259
00:28:07,260 --> 00:28:09,640
I mean that's what that's what keeps our
curiosity stimulated our our our

1260
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:09,650
curiosity stimulated our our our
 

1261
00:28:09,650 --> 00:28:11,690
curiosity stimulated our our our
intellect moving and I think we

1262
00:28:11,690 --> 00:28:11,700
intellect moving and I think we
 

1263
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,570
intellect moving and I think we
collectively as a human race also need

1264
00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:14,580
collectively as a human race also need
 

1265
00:28:14,580 --> 00:28:16,810
collectively as a human race also need
to invest some of our resources into

1266
00:28:16,810 --> 00:28:16,820
to invest some of our resources into
 

1267
00:28:16,820 --> 00:28:19,610
to invest some of our resources into
exploration into trying to understand

1268
00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:19,620
exploration into trying to understand
 

1269
00:28:19,620 --> 00:28:22,130
exploration into trying to understand
nature as it is around us nature as it

1270
00:28:22,130 --> 00:28:22,140
nature as it is around us nature as it
 

1271
00:28:22,140 --> 00:28:25,669
nature as it is around us nature as it
is out there and the cosmos trying to

1272
00:28:25,669 --> 00:28:25,679
is out there and the cosmos trying to
 

1273
00:28:25,679 --> 00:28:27,650
is out there and the cosmos trying to
learn who we are and what we're like I

1274
00:28:27,650 --> 00:28:27,660
learn who we are and what we're like I
 

1275
00:28:27,660 --> 00:28:29,900
learn who we are and what we're like I
think we always need to climb that extra

1276
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:29,910
think we always need to climb that extra
 

1277
00:28:29,910 --> 00:28:31,190
think we always need to climb that extra
mountain somehow I think that's very

1278
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:31,200
mountain somehow I think that's very
 

1279
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:33,830
mountain somehow I think that's very
important to us collectively I think

1280
00:28:33,830 --> 00:28:33,840
important to us collectively I think
 

1281
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:35,120
important to us collectively I think
even if there's a plausible argument for

1282
00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:35,130
even if there's a plausible argument for
 

1283
00:28:35,130 --> 00:28:38,120
even if there's a plausible argument for
a few we got to keep looking I even go

1284
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:38,130
a few we got to keep looking I even go
 

1285
00:28:38,130 --> 00:28:39,980
a few we got to keep looking I even go
further than that if there's a plausible

1286
00:28:39,980 --> 00:28:39,990
further than that if there's a plausible
 

1287
00:28:39,990 --> 00:28:41,450
further than that if there's a plausible
argument that there isn't anybody out

1288
00:28:41,450 --> 00:28:41,460
argument that there isn't anybody out
 

1289
00:28:41,460 --> 00:28:43,610
argument that there isn't anybody out
there bearing in mind that we can be

1290
00:28:43,610 --> 00:28:43,620
there bearing in mind that we can be
 

1291
00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:45,470
there bearing in mind that we can be
wrong we ought to keep looking because

1292
00:28:45,470 --> 00:28:45,480
wrong we ought to keep looking because
 

1293
00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:48,380
wrong we ought to keep looking because
the question is of the most supreme

1294
00:28:48,380 --> 00:28:48,390
the question is of the most supreme
 

1295
00:28:48,390 --> 00:28:51,260
the question is of the most supreme
importance it calibrates our place in

1296
00:28:51,260 --> 00:28:51,270
importance it calibrates our place in
 

1297
00:28:51,270 --> 00:28:54,100
importance it calibrates our place in
the universe it tells us who we are and

1298
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:54,110
the universe it tells us who we are and
 

1299
00:28:54,110 --> 00:28:57,740
the universe it tells us who we are and
so it is worthwhile trying to find other

1300
00:28:57,740 --> 00:28:57,750
so it is worthwhile trying to find other
 

1301
00:28:57,750 --> 00:29:00,409
so it is worthwhile trying to find other
civilizations I would say no matter what

1302
00:29:00,409 --> 00:29:00,419
civilizations I would say no matter what
 

1303
00:29:00,419 --> 00:29:02,930
civilizations I would say no matter what
we've hardly searched all the various

1304
00:29:02,930 --> 00:29:02,940
we've hardly searched all the various
 

1305
00:29:02,940 --> 00:29:05,000
we've hardly searched all the various
frequencies the forms of signal the

1306
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:05,010
frequencies the forms of signal the
 

1307
00:29:05,010 --> 00:29:06,860
frequencies the forms of signal the
places in the sky from which signals

1308
00:29:06,860 --> 00:29:06,870
places in the sky from which signals
 

1309
00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:10,010
places in the sky from which signals
might come and so the fact that we so

1310
00:29:10,010 --> 00:29:10,020
might come and so the fact that we so
 

1311
00:29:10,020 --> 00:29:12,169
might come and so the fact that we so
far have no evidence of extraterrestrial

1312
00:29:12,169 --> 00:29:12,179
far have no evidence of extraterrestrial
 

1313
00:29:12,179 --> 00:29:13,850
far have no evidence of extraterrestrial
life is not at all discouraging we

1314
00:29:13,850 --> 00:29:13,860
life is not at all discouraging we
 

1315
00:29:13,860 --> 00:29:15,470
life is not at all discouraging we
shouldn't have found it yet

1316
00:29:15,470 --> 00:29:15,480
shouldn't have found it yet
 

1317
00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:18,320
shouldn't have found it yet
we have hardly begun but i think this

1318
00:29:18,320 --> 00:29:18,330
we have hardly begun but i think this
 

1319
00:29:18,330 --> 00:29:20,570
we have hardly begun but i think this
enterprise can best be understood as a

1320
00:29:20,570 --> 00:29:20,580
enterprise can best be understood as a
 

1321
00:29:20,580 --> 00:29:22,850
enterprise can best be understood as a
kind of exercise in the archaeology of

1322
00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:22,860
kind of exercise in the archaeology of
 

1323
00:29:22,860 --> 00:29:25,100
kind of exercise in the archaeology of
the future we're well aware of the

1324
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:25,110
the future we're well aware of the
 

1325
00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:28,430
the future we're well aware of the
archaeology of the past we find a site a

1326
00:29:28,430 --> 00:29:28,440
archaeology of the past we find a site a
 

1327
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,760
archaeology of the past we find a site a
tumulus or a ruin and we take a spade

1328
00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:31,770
tumulus or a ruin and we take a spade
 

1329
00:29:31,770 --> 00:29:33,740
tumulus or a ruin and we take a spade
and we dig into the ground and if you're

1330
00:29:33,740 --> 00:29:33,750
and we dig into the ground and if you're
 

1331
00:29:33,750 --> 00:29:36,590
and we dig into the ground and if you're
lucky you discover or of the kaldi's or

1332
00:29:36,590 --> 00:29:36,600
lucky you discover or of the kaldi's or
 

1333
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:39,350
lucky you discover or of the kaldi's or
something marvelous now we ever thought

1334
00:29:39,350 --> 00:29:39,360
something marvelous now we ever thought
 

1335
00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:41,210
something marvelous now we ever thought
that we could examine the same thing in

1336
00:29:41,210 --> 00:29:41,220
that we could examine the same thing in
 

1337
00:29:41,220 --> 00:29:43,490
that we could examine the same thing in
reverse time but in fact in a way we can

1338
00:29:43,490 --> 00:29:43,500
reverse time but in fact in a way we can
 

1339
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:46,040
reverse time but in fact in a way we can
we know that it's possible that somebody

1340
00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:46,050
we know that it's possible that somebody
 

1341
00:29:46,050 --> 00:29:48,230
we know that it's possible that somebody
who wants to do it will bring us in of

1342
00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:48,240
who wants to do it will bring us in of
 

1343
00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:52,010
who wants to do it will bring us in of
course it is their past but our future

1344
00:29:52,010 --> 00:29:52,020
course it is their past but our future
 

1345
00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:53,660
course it is their past but our future
which we are investigating to some

1346
00:29:53,660 --> 00:29:53,670
which we are investigating to some
 

1347
00:29:53,670 --> 00:29:55,460
which we are investigating to some
degree even though they're made of

1348
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:55,470
degree even though they're made of
 

1349
00:29:55,470 --> 00:29:56,690
degree even though they're made of
different chemistry even though they've

1350
00:29:56,690 --> 00:29:56,700
different chemistry even though they've
 

1351
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:58,640
different chemistry even though they've
never seen our star even though they

1352
00:29:58,640 --> 00:29:58,650
never seen our star even though they
 

1353
00:29:58,650 --> 00:30:02,180
never seen our star even though they
have nothing biological in common with

1354
00:30:02,180 --> 00:30:02,190
have nothing biological in common with
 

1355
00:30:02,190 --> 00:30:04,340
have nothing biological in common with
us they have if they have got radio

1356
00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:04,350
us they have if they have got radio
 

1357
00:30:04,350 --> 00:30:05,330
us they have if they have got radio
astronomy if they have the Conn

1358
00:30:05,330 --> 00:30:05,340
astronomy if they have the Conn
 

1359
00:30:05,340 --> 00:30:07,280
astronomy if they have the Conn
technology were imagining have very much

1360
00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:07,290
technology were imagining have very much
 

1361
00:30:07,290 --> 00:30:09,080
technology were imagining have very much
income with us the manufacturer of a

1362
00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:09,090
income with us the manufacturer of a
 

1363
00:30:09,090 --> 00:30:10,760
income with us the manufacturer of a
culture the development of a culture

1364
00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:10,770
culture the development of a culture
 

1365
00:30:10,770 --> 00:30:13,430
culture the development of a culture
which is unmatched among in all the ten

1366
00:30:13,430 --> 00:30:13,440
which is unmatched among in all the ten
 

1367
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,040
which is unmatched among in all the ten
billion species or more that have come

1368
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:16,050
billion species or more that have come
 

1369
00:30:16,050 --> 00:30:17,870
billion species or more that have come
to the face of the earth so that's the

1370
00:30:17,870 --> 00:30:17,880
to the face of the earth so that's the
 

1371
00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:19,790
to the face of the earth so that's the
story and maybe the spag will turn up

1372
00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:19,800
story and maybe the spag will turn up
 

1373
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,220
story and maybe the spag will turn up
luckily a good site one day we hope it

1374
00:30:22,220 --> 00:30:22,230
luckily a good site one day we hope it
 

1375
00:30:22,230 --> 00:30:23,960
luckily a good site one day we hope it
will it's just a question being patient

1376
00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:23,970
will it's just a question being patient
 

1377
00:30:23,970 --> 00:30:25,970
will it's just a question being patient
when you got the Spade and you know the

1378
00:30:25,970 --> 00:30:25,980
when you got the Spade and you know the
 

1379
00:30:25,980 --> 00:30:29,090
when you got the Spade and you know the
future is there it seems very wrong not

1380
00:30:29,090 --> 00:30:29,100
future is there it seems very wrong not
 

1381
00:30:29,100 --> 00:32:30,870
future is there it seems very wrong not
to dig

1382
00:32:30,870 --> 00:32:30,880

 

1383
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:32,940

you